Definition and Examples of Grawlixes in Comics

The term grawlix refers to the series of typographical symbols (such as #$%!) used in cartoons and comic strips to represent swear words. Plural: grawlixes.   Also known as jarns,  nittles, and obscenicons, grawlixes usually appear in maledicta balloons alongside the comic characters who are uttering the oaths. The term grawlix was introduced by American comic artist Mort Walker (creator of Beetle Bailey) in the article Lets Get Down to Grawlixes (1964) and revisited in his book The Lexicon of Comicana (1980). Examples and Observations Mort Walker It started out as a joke for the National Cartoonists Society magazine. I spoofed the tricks cartoonists use, like dust clouds when characters are running or lightbulbs over their heads when they get an idea. My son Brian thought I should expand the idea and make a book of it. I spent many hours at the museum going over old cartoons and recording their language. I created pseudoscientific names for each cartoon clichà ©, like the sweat marks cartoon characters radiate. I called them plewds, after the god of rain, Joe Pluvius. I considered it a humor book. When it came out, I looked for it in the humor section of a bookstore and finally found it in Art Instruction. I inquired and they said, Whats funny about it? I said, The names. They said, We didnt know what those things were called. I said, They werent called anything till I called them that. It was another case of satire falling flat. I gave up and am selling it now as an instruction book.–Mort Walkers Private Scrapbook. A ndrews McMeel, 2000 Bill Schmalz The symbols that work best [for grawlixes]  are those that fill up space: , #, $, %, and .  Hyphens, plus signs, asterisks, and carets (^) leave too much white space within the body of the  grawlix  for it to look like a single word. Wiktionary recommends #$% as the standard grawlix. This uses the five beefiest symbols in the order they appear on an American keyboard. (If you curse with a British accent, try # £%.)... Because it represents words spoken in anger or excitement, the  grawlix  should always end with an exclamation mark,  even if its an interrogative grawlix:  #$%?! Finally, as a word of caution, you should reserve your use of grawlixes for emails to close friends. Grawlixes are highly inappropriate for professional writing.–The Architects Guide to Writing: For Design and Construction Professionals.  Images, 2014 Shirrel Rhoades Cartoonist Mort Drucker [sic] invented an entire lexicon to describe such symbols.Emanata are lines drawn around the head to indicate shock or surprise. Grawlixes are those typographical symbols that stand for profanities. Agitrons are wiggly lines around a character to indicate shaking. Plewds are sweat drops that convey worry. Squeans are tiny starbursts or circles that represent intoxication or dizziness. Solrads are lines that radiate from a light bulb or the sun to indicate luminosity. And so on. A language all its own.–Comic Books: How the Industry Works. Peter Lang, 2008 Alexander Humez, Nicholas Humez, and Rob Flynn ï » ¿Other symbols reveal the mental or physical state of a character, such as squeans (the centerless asterisk-like burst marks in the air around the head of a drunk), spurls (the corkscrew line above a character who is passing out), crottles (the crosses on the eyes of someone out cold), or plewds (the teardrop-shaped indicators of sweat and/or stress)--these last classified by Mort Walker, creator of the long-running Beetle Bailey comic strip, as a subcategory of what he calls emanata, along with the waftarom (the doubled curved line emanating from savory food) and the solrads and indotherms (wavy lines indicating that the sun or other object is radiating heat... ).–Short Cuts: A Guide to Oaths, Ring Tones, Ransom Notes, Famous Last Words, Other Forms of Minimalist Communication. Oxford Univ. Press, 2010

The Representation Of The Corporate Social Decisions And...

4.2 Legitimacy Theory The corporates were suggested by Hogner (1982) to legitimize their corporate social decisions and activities. In 1983, Lindblom stated a framework about legitimacy theory to explain why companies should disclosure the social information and environment information. Many social studies relied on this framework to claim the theoretical structure. The legitimacy theory was born to strengthen objective of the corporate management to react to the expectations of the community members (Tilt,1994). In 1995, Suchman combine the framework stated by Lindblom and the literatures resources, and issued a framework about legitimacy theory to provide the roles about the mandatory companies should disclosure the environment†¦show more content†¦The disclosure environment information perspective of legitimacy theory is based on the consciousness, which about the corporate environmental activities in the views of the stakeholders, of the management. However, the studies, which about discoveri ng what this consciousness is indeed, are rare less. Additionally, there are rare attempt to find how this consciousness impact the corporate operation. On the other hand, the legitimacy theory only has been developed in a macro level, but not developed in the micro level. Though the legitimacy theory is the mean to explain the disclosure of corporate environment information, this theory did not considered what specific type of environment information should be involved in the annual report(O Donovan, 2000). 5. DEVELOPMENT OF CSR IN THE WORLDWIDE 5.1 The 19th century In the late 19th century, after the wold experienced the industrial revolution, large amount of managers believed and performance the Darwinism social philosophy, this philosophy believed the nature would select the general regulations and principles and the fittest company would survival in the society (Barnett, 2007). This philosophy are usually be considered as a brutal philosophy, because of this philosophy encourage the company competition but do not encourage the company to concern the employees, environment, or the whole society. In UK, on the early Victorian era, there already

Airline Demand Forecast Free Essays

string(50) " an elastic driver for airline demand generation\." STIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY ENAR TUNC, Orhan sIvrIkaya* Okan UNIVERSITY Title: ESTIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY Orhan Sivrikaya*(Candidate Phd. ), OKAN UNIVERSITY Tel: 0-532-4265392 Fax: [0-212-4652299] Email: osivrikaya@live. com Enar Tunc, Professor of Industrial Engineering, OKAN UNIVERSITY Keywords * Domestic Air Transportation, City Pair, Origin and Destination, Demand, Forecast, Gravity Model, Multivariate Regression and Detour Factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Airline Demand Forecast or any similar topic only for you Order Now Total Page: 11 Abstract Accuracy in estimating airline market demand is a key element while an airline is planning its short term or long term business plan regardless of its status quo being an incumbent or startup company. Turkish domestic market of air travel industry has been dramatically grown in recent years especially after the deregulation commencing on the renewal of air transportation policy in 2003. However there is not any relevant scientific research in the literature to analyze the determining factors on air travel demand of domestic city pairs in Turkey. A multivariate regression model is generated in order to fit the air travel demand in number of passengers carried. The model is based on aggregate individual market which consists of on-line city pairs. The model is found significantly representative within the experimental data out of the years 2008 and 2009 including the origin and destination pairs for 40 on-line cities. Then, the model is tested by using 2010 figures in order to compare prediction values with actual figures. Accuracy level is found to be encouraging for potential new airports or potential new routes to be evaluated by using the model estimates. . Introduction The deregulation of air transportation market in Turkey in 2003 has started revolutionary changes in the airline industry. New government having the target to increase the portion of air travel out of all modes of local transportation attempted to encourage more airline companies to enter the market and enable them to offer more attractive prices by tax cut ting specific to the airline sector. Price oriented competition has worked very well to generate significant airline passenger traffic. Low Cost Carriers have contributed to exercise a sustainable two digit growth by stealing passenger traffic from bus transportation as a result of shortening the gap between relative prices. Turkish Airlines as a legacy carrier has responded to structural changes in the market by applying dynamic pricing policy and growth strategy to benefit from economies of scale resulting in increase in productivity. Big changes in airline passenger traffic in Turkey create a challenge to testify any claiming model built to estimate air travel demand. Macroeconomic or demographic changes do not seem to be responsible for whole boost in air travel demand. Competition doubled or tripled available seat capacity on some routes so that it was required a different strategy to generate additional demand to achieve in satisfactory load factor which is a key performance indicator for airline profitability. Airline traffic is most of the time considered as a significant indicator for the performance of the nation’s entire industry since it is highly correlated with the number of business events and interactions with other industries simultaneously. So, it implies that changes in economies may influence airlines traffic indirectly. However, airline specific parameters like ticket price and degrees of competition are also supposed to be main driver for passenger demand besides the macroeconomic factors. The sustainable success of any organization or company is closely related with how well management or decision makers are able to foresee the future and develop appropriate strategies. The objective of this study is to examine the demand size for air transport in Turkey and show its implications for air transport planning. 2. BACKGROUND It has been seen throughout the results of the previous research in the iterature that one of the most important issue to develop a predictive model is to choose the right combination of the variables which represent the determining factors involved in the model. These variables are categorized by two subgroups (Carson et al. 2010): 1. Geo-economics Factors: which consist of geographical characteristics, economical activities, social factor etc. 2. Service Related Factors: which a re related to airline dependent factors. The other prominent aspect of model generation is the level of forecast which can be classified by two groups as well; 1. Microscopic Model: Airport specific or city pair specific data is involved such that it refers the total number of incoming and outgoing passengers per particular airport or per city pair. 2. Macroscopic Model: Region or country specific data is involved such that it refers to aggregated number of passengers in a region or country regardless of origin or destination city. Aggregate Individual Market (AIM) forecast outperforms the aggregate approach since the forecasting power gained by exploiting heterogeneous information across markets dominates the forecasting power lost due to estimation of many coefficients (Carson et al. 2010). Local area information appears to be more relevant in determining local Oamp;D travel than of national information such as gross domestic product (Bhadra 2003). ————————————————- 3. OVERVIEW OF THE determ? nants for air passenger demand ? n turkey Turkey is spread over a wide geographical area and road ways are not adequately constructed for all direction. Hence, air transportation is supposed to have more shares out of total statistics in domestic transportation covering all possible city pairs. While the gap between relative prices is being shortened, more and more people find it affordable to fly. This study is aiming to find out the determining factors which are concerned to turn potential demand into air travel passengers. The proposed model is not only to explain actual traffic results but also to estimate potential traffic between cross cities which are not connected directly or to evaluate off-line cities to build new airport. Population, gross domestic product per capita and employment rate are considered as the leading macroeconomic dynamics behind air travel demand as depicted in the Table 1. Average fare has a stimulating effect on airline demand as Brons et al. 2002) pointed out that ticket price is an elastic driver for airline demand generation. You read "Airline Demand Forecast" in category "Papers" There are also specific indicators for a particular city pair traffic representing interactivity between the concerning cities such as distance and number of migrants from each other. The number of bus registered in a city is indicating the volume of bus transportation which is considered to be negatively related with air travel demand. Since number of carriers as a degree of competition contributes to market expansion, it is also embedded in the model expecting a positive relation with air travel demand. Table 1 Commonality in Types of Variables Variable’s Name| Percentage of Occurrence*| GDP| 50. 0 %| GDP per Capita| 35. 7 %| Unemployment Rate| 14. 3 %| Fuel Price| 7. 1 %| Number of Employees| 7. 1 %| Population| 42. 8 %| Average Fare| 57. 1 %| CPI| 14. 3 %| Trade per Capita| 14. 3 %| Exchange Rate| 14. 3 %| Service Frequency| 28. 6 %| Distance| 42. 8 %| Expenditures| 7. 1 %| * The percentages are calculated out of a sample of 14 different relevant articles. Most of the itineraries between city pairs are not directly connected that means air passengers travel with connecting flights via one or more transfer points. If there is no direct service the dummy variable transit gets 1 and 0 otherwise. Naturally, passengers would not prefer to fly with connecting flights so it is anticipated to be negatively affecting air travel demand. 4. ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATION data, Methodology and results Data availability is main issue when data coverage is decided. Experimental model is based on the data of the two years 2008 and 2009 since all explanatory variables are available within the specified period. There are 40 on-line destinations in domestic network in Turkey. This number of destinations can theoretically generate 1560 different origin and destinations (Oamp;D’s) on which direct or connecting flights are possible. However experimental sample does not cover data for all possible on-line Oamp;D’s because some city pairs which are at close distance are not meaningful to fly with connecting flights or the concerning flights are not connected each other. There are 231 city pairs which are served with direct flights, whereas the remaining city pairs are found to be flown by connecting flights via an appropriate domestic hub. Under the assumption of approximately the same number of Oamp;D’s for each year, data size will be duplicated for the two year’s period. Airport statistics for all scheduled carriers are used in the experimental model as a source of the dependent variable. Transfer traffic is removed from the statistics for each city pair, since the proposed model is to estimate pure Oamp;D passenger by using data specific to the corresponding city pairs. Average prices for each city pair are estimated by using airlines’ web site. Road distance between the cities is taken from the web site of the General Directorate Highways of Turkey. Population of the cities, GDP per capita of the cities, the number of migrants between the cities, the number of bus registered in the city’s account and labour rate of the cities are obtained from the Bureau of Statistics in Turkey. Weighted average of the corresponding city’s population is used, while GDP per capita and the labour rate are being converted to Oamp;D level. A variety of different models exist for passenger volume estimation. Since no single model guarantees accuracy, airlines in fact compare forecasts from several different models. Within this set of forecasting methods, the most demand models used are of the simple gravity type formulation. (S. C. Wirasinghe et al. 1998). The gravity model for the estimation of domestic passenger volume between city-pairs is examined in this study. By excluding unavailable service-related or market specific input variables, and using cross-sectional calibration data, the model is particularly applicable to city-pairs where no air service exists, historical data is unavailable, or factors describing the current service level of air transportation are not available. Average price for city-pairs with no air service is estimated by fall back mechanism that it uses the average price which is normalized by distance of the cities having similar market structure. All other explanatory variables are not service related factors and available for the city-pairs with no air service. The gravity model takes the form: D=?. AaBbCc†¦ This model assumes that the marginal effects of each variable on demand are not constant but depend on both the value of the variable and the values of all other variables in the demand function (Aderamo 2010). In other words, the explanatory variables affect demand in multiplicative manner. Partial derivation of any independent variable proves aforementioned relationship. However, this model can be made suitable for multiple regressions by applying logarithmic transformation. Logarithmic form of the gravity model takes the form: LogD=? 0 + ? 1LogA + ? 2LogB + ? 3LogC +†¦ where ? 0=Log? It is obvious that interdependency is resolved in this form so that multiple regression model can be applied. The proposed multiple regression model is generated by using SAS Jmp 9 tool. Table 2 shows the matrix of correlation between the independent variables. The results show that some of the variables are interrelated. For example, Log_Migrant has a correlation coefficient of 0. 8661 and 0. 8150 with Log_Pop* and Log_Bus* respectively. Where both Log_Migrant* and Log_Pop* are calculated by taking the product of population of origin and destination cities. However, omitting any of these two variables would substantially reduce the model fit. As the goal is to obtain a reliable estimation of the passenger volume, all interrelated variables were included (Grosche et al. 007). Furthermore, it has been said that if the sole purpose of regression analysis is prediction or forecasting, then multicollinearity is not a serious problem because the higher R2, the better prediction(R. C. Geary, 1963). In order to verify stepwise regression fit of the model, stepwise process by backward direction and minimum AICc selection is used. When all independent variables as depicted in Table 2 are entered, the smallest AICc value 2665. 913 is found. Adjusted R2 as shown in the Table 3 is 0. 823991 which is fairly good. In the Table 4, adjusted R2’s are compared including the relevant articles in the reference list. This comparison table shows that the studied model efficiency is relatively successful. As shown in the table 5, the F test also shows that the regression is significant since F statistic of 497. 2411 is obviously higher than the critical value of 2. 32 at 0. 01 level of significance. In the table 6, parameter estimates are depicted. As seen in the table, all independent variables are significant at 0. 01 level of two tail significance considering their t-statistics. Since the coefficients of the regression model represent elasticities of the corresponding variables, how change of any variable affects demand estimation can be determined. The price elasticity of passenger demand is approximately -1. 1 which implies that airline passenger demand in Turkey is elastic. This finding is compliant with the fact that after low cost carriers entered into the market by lowering ticket prices, market size has been tramendously enlarged. Domestic passenger traffic grows higher than the decreasing rate of ticket price. Both GDP per capita and ticket price seem to have elastic impact on passenger demand estimation. Air transportation and bus transportation seem to be competing each other because of their negative relation. When air service is provided by connecting flight which means transit traffic, air transport demand is decreasing. This result is not surprising because people do prefer to fly directly. Another result is that the number of airlines participating in each Oamp;D market tends to have a positive impact on the number of passengers traveled between Oamp;D pairs, perhaps representing the ffects of choice more than anything else. Lastly, distance and the number of migrants are found positively related with air transport demand as expected. Table 4 Model Efficiency Benchmark| Research Name| Level of Forecast| Author| Year| Independent Variables| Observation| Adjusted R Square| Demand For Air Transport In Nigeria| Aggregate| Adekunle J. Aderamo| 2010| Index of AgricultureIndex of Electrici tyGDP| 23| 0. 923| Air Travel Domestic Demand Model in Bangladesh| Aggregate| Md. Jobair Bin Alam Dewan Masud KArim| 1998| PopulationGDPDistance| 31| 0. 8| An Econometric Analysis of Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia| Aggregate| Seraj Y. Abed Abdullah O. Ba-FailSajjad M. Jasimuddin| 2001| PopulationTotal Expenditures| 25| 0. 959| Regression Model for Passenger Demand: A case study of Cairo Airport| Aggregate| Dr. Khaled A. Abbas| 2003| Population GDPForeign Tourist| 88| 0. 82| Demand for Airravel In USA| Oamp;D| Dipasis Bhadra| 2003| Density, Interaction, Distance, Marketshare, Fare| 2424| 0. 57| An Aggregate Demand Model in Hub-and-Spoke| Aggregate| Wenbin WeiMark Hansen| 2006| Frequency, Number of Spokes, Fare, Distance, Capacity, Traffic Type| 897| 0. 92| Gravity Model for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation| City-pairs| Tobias GroscheFranz RothlaufArmin Heinzl| 2007| DistancePopulationCatchment Area| 956| 0. 761| The number of migrants indicates the relationship between city-pai rs hence it positively affects on point to point air traffic demand. When distance is greater, air transport demand increases due to the fact that people get higher utility comparing to the alternative modes of transportation. In the figure 1, model fit of the experimental data is shown in scatter diagram. There are total 955 observations within experimental data. A test data is obtained from 2010 actual results which consists of 562 observations. The model predicts 2010 figures with a Mape (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value 14. 1 %. Actual data of 2010 is refined by excluding the Oamp;D’s having less than 104 yearly passengers flow and detour factors smaller than 3. Logic of this filtering is to choose meaningful connections out of the all itineraries. Although the model is performing significantly well with a relatively high Rsquare value, small discrepancy in prediction value may result in larger inaccuracy in passenger demand estimate because of logarithmic aspect of the regression. . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the proposed econometric estimation and using micro data based on local area information can result in substantial insights to Oamp;D travel. The demand model reveals all the quantitative relationships among the used variables, which is helpful for airlines to understand the consequence of change of their dec ision variables or adjustment of their routing structures, and also useful for the related authority to quantify the benefits of airport capacity expansion and to take into account while airport building plan is being evaluated. It would be advantageous to extend the time period covered by the analysis. This would enable to examine possible differences in elasticity amongst city-pairs. Extending the data back in time would also provide observations of airfares progress. The model efficiency may be improved for even more reliable estimation, if more independent variables indicating bilateral relations between city-pairs are embedded in the model such as the number of call between city-pairs or credit card statistics of domestic visitors. References S. C. Wirasinghe and A. S. Kumarage, An Aggregate Demand Model for Intercity Passenger Travel in Sri Lanka. Transportation 25: 77-98, 1998. R. C. Geary, Some Results about Relations between Stochastic Variables: A Discussion Document, Review of International Statistical Institute, Vol. 31, pp. 163-181, 1963. Richard T. Carson, Tolga Cenesizoglu and Roger Parker. Aggregate Demand for USA Commercial Air Travel. Department of Economics, University of California. 2010. Elton Fernandes and Ricardo Rodrigues Pacheco. Air Transportation Analysis: Passenger Demand in Brazil. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 33. Adakunle J. Aderamo. Demand for Air Transport in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, 1 (1): 23-31 (2010). Md. Jobair Bin Alem and Dewan Masud Karim. Air Travel Demand Model For Domestic Air Transportation in Bangladesh. Journal of Civil Engineering The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh Vol. CE 26, No. 1, 1998. Seraj Y. Abed, Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Sajjad M. Jasimuddin. An Econometric Analysis of International Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transport Management 7 (2001) 143-148. Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Seraj Y. Abed. The Determinants of Domestic Air Travel Demand in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transportation World Wide Vol. 5, No. 2 – 2000. Abdullah Omer Ba-Fail. Applying Data Mining Techniques To Forecast Number of Airline Passengers In Saudi Arabia (Domestic and International Travels). Aviation Institute, University of Nabraska at Omaha, 2004. Senanu Ashiabor, Hojong Baik and Antonio Trani. Logit Models For Forecasting Nationwide Intercity Travel Demand in the USA. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2007, Washington, D. C. , pp. 1-12 2007. J. Scott Armstrong and Michael C. Grohman. A Comparative Study of Methods for Long-Range Market Forecasting. Management Science, 19 (2), pp. 211-221 1972. Khaled A. Abbas. Conceptual and Regression Models for Passenger Demand Prediction. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 26 2003. Dipasis Bhadra. Demand for Air Travel in the United States: Bottom-up Econometric Estimation and Implications for Forecasts by Origin and Destination Pairs. Journal of Air Transportation Vol. 8, No. 2 – 2003. Radosav B. Jovanovic. Generalised Intrinsic Characteristics as a Forecasting Tool: A dynamic perpective. Second International Conference on Research in Air Transportation – Belgrade, June 24–28 2006. Martijn Brons, Eric Pels, Peter Nijkamp and Piet Rietveld. Price Elasticities of Demand for Passenger Air Travel. Journal of Air Transport Management 8 pp. 65-175 2002. Dail Umamil Asri and Yoriyasu Sugie. Simultaneous Demand Model for Passenger Travel. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 4, October, 2003. Joyce Dargay and Mark Hanly. The Determinants of the Demand for International Air Travel to and from UK. ESRC Transport Studies Unit, Centre for Transport Studies, University College London, November 2001. Catherine Zhukovskaya. Use of the Generalized Linear Model in Forecasting the Air Passengers’ Conveyances from EU Countries. Computer Modelling and Technologies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 62–72, 2007. Wenbin Wei and Mark Hansen. An Aggregate Demand Model for Air Passenger Traffic in the Hub and Spoke Network. Transportation Research Part A 40 pp. 841–851, 2006. Matthew G. Karlaftis. Demand Forecasting in Regional Airports. Straer 7 pp. 100-111, Tr. 312, 2008. Tobias Grosche, Franz Rothlauf and Armin Heinzl. Gravity Models for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation. Journal of Air Transport Management 13 pp. 175-183, 2007. Chaug-Ing Hsu and Su-Miao Liu. Predicting City-Pair Air Passenger Traffic Using Grey Topological Forecasting Model. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, October, 2003. How to cite Airline Demand Forecast, Papers

Social Policy Jackson vs.Timberlake

Question Discuss about thrSocial Policyfor Jackson vs. Timberlake. Answer: Introduction This paper discusses a thorough examination of the article by Holland (2009), which presents arguments for the controversial case of Justin Timberlake and Janet Jackson. Justin Randall Timberlake is an American actor, singer, songwriter and a record producer at the States. Timberlake is one of the most popular stars in America and has won numerous awards for his work. Janet Jackson is an American songwriter, singer, actress and a dancer. The Super Bowl is the highest level of professional American football that is held annually. The event is huge and there are over 110 million viewers watching the event (Cogan 2014). The event organizes halftime ceremonies in which the celebrities perform for entertainment. Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake have performed in Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 (Adams 2016). There was an incident in which a piece of Jacksons top was removed by Timberlake exposing her right breast nipple. The main essence of this essay revolves around Janet as a Jezebel, who is an immoral woman to seduce Timberlake for economic gain (Holland 2009). This essay describes the history or details of the event. Further, the arguments and opinions of various people regarding the wardrobe malfunction are discussed. The essay expresses the manner in which the media presented the issue. The different attitude of the people that was formed due to this incident is also determined. On February 1, 2004, the incident when Janet Jackson was performing on stage in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII, the co-star Justin Timberlake accidentally exposed a part of Jacksons right breast (Holland 2009). The incident is also known as Nipplegate. As the incident was accidental, it was also called a wardrobe malfunction. While Justin was performing on the song Rock Your Body, he reached to the end of the song which had its lyrics as "I'm gonna have you naked by the end of this song" (Holland 2009). He pulled a part of Jacksons leather costume which revealed her right breast. Her nipple was found covered with a piece of jewellery for even less than one second. The CBS, television broadcasting company cut the Reliant Stadium, venue for the event to an aerial view. However, before that could happen, the picture was already sent to the television which had approximately 143 million viewers (Holland 2009). The incident led to several controversies about it being a publicity stunt. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) levied a penalty of US$ 550,000 against the CBS (Holland 2009). It was reported that approximately 200,000 viewers complained and 540,000 people filed complaints with the FCC (Holland 2009). The Chairman of FCC, Michael Powell called the nip slip as a crass and classless stunt promising to take action (Hutchinson 2016). According to Holland (2009), the mythology of Jezebel is discussed regarding black female sexuality. The author discusses about Jezebel as a site of otherness in which the black women in America do not experience ethnic or gender identities. Jezebel is used to symbolize a woman who is evil, shrewd, seductive and scheming. The article argues about the Jezebel image giving meaning to white male privilege. The author goes back in time and discusses the origin and mythology of Jezebel who were identified as African women that are exotic and sexually insatiable breeders (Holland 2009). It is argued that the Jezebel image justifies white men exploiting the African women sexually and also the ones who use their sexuality who tempt or seduce white men. Historically, the African women were stripped naked in public forums and were made to parade nude in public during slave auctions. It is further argued that due to the construct of race and gender, Jezebels cannot be raped. It is evaluated tha t the Jezebel image reproduces and mirrors the dominant power structures by categorizing the sexuality of African-American women as animalistic and dangerous (Kreps 2014). Further, the author argues Jezebel as a contemporary icon. The Jezebel image can be restructured as a symbol of empowerment. The author argues that the updated popular culture of the Jezebel image in the contemporary times is presented as an illusion of the women being slightly overweight with excessive makeup, wearing dark lipstick and being slightly overweight (Holland 2009). They are also symbolized as the women with heightened sexual desire, deviant sexuality and availability. The representations of the back women in hip-hop were deteriorating as they were objectified as sexual objects. It is argued that the African-American women entertainers attempted to openly resist or refuse the objectification of the bodies as a site of empowerment. The author states that some women such as Lil Kim experienced success in subverting the Jezebel image (Mail Online 2016). The above conceptions and theories are implied by the author in the case of Jackson vs. Timberlake. The scandal rose to various controversies among the legal advocates, television producers, policymakers, and other regulatory bodies who publicly televised the representations of sexuality as well as nudity (Holland 2009). Jackson, who was clothed in a provocative leather costume performed on Rhythm Nation. This song was followed by Timberlakes performance with the new hit Rock Your Body (Murphy 2016). In the beginning of the performance the stage was surrounded by female dancers. The performers, Jackson and Timberlake danced seductively as Timberlake was singing. The two of them played an exotic game where cat chases mouse on stage (where Timberlake followed Jackson). Reaching to the end, Timberlake reached across Jacksons body ripping her leather which exposed her right breast (Holland 2009). The event was identified as an unfortunate wardrobe malfunction. However, the audience argue d of the act being planned. There were numerous public discussions at both national and international levels (Reid 2016). The media referred to the incident as the boob seen round the world and Nipplegate. Several newspapers interpreted Jacksons highly sexualized persona as a sign of her innate deviance, thereby absolving Timberlake from his responsibility and protecting his white maleness (Holland 2009). Many media channels constructed the news in favour of Timberlake and that this act was a scheme used by Jackson for boosting her own career by seducing Timberlake. The writers for The Seattle Times and The Houston Chronicle wrote about the incident as a condemnation of Jacksons exposed breast (Holland 2009). Moreover, a writer for The Washington Post stated that after Janet Jacksons breast exposure on Super Bowls halftime show shall have no musical concert in the opening game for the year 2005 (Holland 2009). The media defenders of Jackson described the act as a sexual violence. Roxane Roberts, one of the writers at The Washington Post depicted the incident and shifted the blame to Jacksons body as a s pontaneous exposure (Holland 2009). One of the reporters stated that Jackson flashed one of her breasts for the audience watching her on television while performing at the Super Bowl halftime show (Holland 2009). The other reporters for Columbus Dispatch, The New York Times and Daily News reported the incident as Janet Jacksons breast-baring fiasco (Holland 2009). Additionally, Tony Kornheiser, the sports writer at The Washington Post commented at the incident as the act by Janet Jackson being bizarre. Pittsburgh- Post Gazette narrated the incident as the offending breast (Holland 2009). At The Boston Globe, Bob Ryan reported the incident as Timberlake reaching over the infamous breast. He further stated that the infamous right breast may have committed the offense. Clearly, all the remarks made by the media channels and their reporters were represented as the uncontrollable Black female body. It is interpreted that these depictions of Jackson who is not able to control her body, white men must surely take control of it. Moreover, James Lileks in The Star Tribune commented that the dress worn by Jackson is a formal wear for zombie morticians. He referred to Janet as SM chic who came to expect from the male artist Justin Timberlake, who was dressed as a sort of modern male (Holland 2009). It was observed that not many articles or news reporters commented on Timberlakes costume but Janets costume was referred as leather bustier. Therefore, Janets costume was represented as a symbol of uncontrollability and sexual aggressiveness, which is the same as predictable behaviour of a Jezebel (Holland 2009). Another theme is related to the publicity stunt of breast-baring. The media reported that it was a promotional strategy for Jackson for Timberlake to rip off her leather covering as a strategy to boost her upcoming and future album sales. The media also called the stunt as excessively public display for her new album Damita Jo (Holland 2009). The writer of Pittsburgh-Post Gazette reported that Jackson manipulated the halftime occasion for knowing sex, own enrichment and selling controversy that would help her make millions. Another journalist Kevin Cowherd stated that all the fans of Jackson expect salacious behaviour from Janet such as pelvic grinding, cleavage display and outfits from SM catalogue. Jim Farber said that this student would elevate her music career. Another remark was made by Sharon Fink of St. Petersburg Times that Janet was smiling by hiding her head facing the camera (Holland 2009). The comments marked by the media are significant for multiple reasons. The attention that has been generated by Janet Jackson can be termed manipulative. The media stated that the incident was not a simple wardrobe malfunction, but a means to elevate Jacksons own career. It is argued that he media fails to discuss Justins potential motives for the participation in the sexual act as he was a part of the event. The media channels detracted attention from Timberlakes behaviour and performance of hypersexual white masculinity. It is argued that African- American womens lasciviousness is used as an excuse to justify the white mens violence and authority (Holland 2009). It was reported that both Jackson and Timberlake apologized for allowing their dance performance or routine to go too far. Jackson stated that Timberlake and she had choreographed the song together (Strecke 2015). However, one-third of the newspaper articles stated that Timberlake denied his involvement in the orchestration of the song. The writers for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution and The Boston Globe stated that Timberlake apologized for the incident and further said it as totally regrettable and unintentional (Holland 2009). However, other articles in Daily News and Columbus Dispatch stated that Timberlake was not totally innocent and Janet was ready with her lacy red garment under her outfit. It is interpreted that Timberlakes involvement in the case was at minimal and it was only Jackson who used Justin as a pawn to make her career. Timberlake claimed that Janet blind-sided him with her breast-baring incident (Holland 2009). Due to the controversies and media reports, the people would straight away blame Janet for using her sexuality for economic gain. Justin Timberlake fan following supported him while he claimed that he had nothing to do with the incident as it was totally unintentional. He also regretted it. As Janet was portrayed as the bad one in the case, she was uninvited by CBS at Grammys. However, Justin was not just invited but he also performed on the show as the incident did not appear to be sticking to him. When Janets eighth album, Damita Jo was released, the first-week copies were sold enough. However, the singles received minimum airplay. It is interpreted that the incident had a negative effect on the audience due to which her work was blacklisted. After the Super Bowl performance, she was blacklisted and her music was kept off VH1, MTV and other radio stations under Viacom. The album was her lowest selling. Soon, she disappeared from the pop music scene for seven years (Holland 2009). The incident also led to outrage among parents as they thought it must not have happened. Their children were watching the show and they would be scarred by seeing her exposed breast. Timberlake was still presenting the revisionist history of the event to ESPN Magazine. Jackson had to bear the brunt of the accusation and according to the audience; she would not have been fit for the event. Timberlake apologized at the Grammys but the audience laughed on his ridiculous apology. Some people also called it Americas unfair treatment of treating a black woman and giving power to white males (Holland 2009). Precisely, Timberlake was posing as a victim in the scenario and Janet was deemed to be the culprit. The public reprimanded Janet for exposing her body and excusing Justins role in the event. The news media also justified Timberlakes behaviour by stating that Janet must have asked for it. All the arguments created a Jezebel paradox regarding the agency and subjectivity of African-American women. Janet being represented as a sexual opportunist and not a victim of aggression clearly indicates that Jacksons image was ruined in front of the audience. Her fan following also turned against her because of the incident. Her agency and subjectivity was reduced to a sexualized bodily container (Caudill and Mixon 2013). Therefore, through this essay it is interpreted that the ability of an African- American woman to subvert patriarchal image depends upon their ability to control situations. It is complicated to control the Jezebel image as it is associated with image subversion. The media coverage in the newspapers and television reflect the contemporary appropriation of the Jezebel. The Super Bowl is the highest level of professional American football that is held annually. There was an incident in which a piece of Jacksons top was removed by Timberlake exposing her right breast nipple in Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004. While Justin was performing on the song Rock Your Body, he reached to the end of the song which had its lyrics as "I'm gonna have you naked by the end of this song". The article argues about the Jezebel image giving meaning to white male privilege. The author goes back in time and discusses the origin and mythology of Jezebel who were identified as African women that are exotic and sexu ally insatiable breeders. The representations of the back women in hip-hop were deteriorating as they were objectified as sexual objects. They played an erotic game of cat and mouse on stage where Timberlake followed Jackson. Reaching to the end, Timberlake reached across Jacksons body ripping her leather which exposed her right breast. The media defenders of Jackson described the act as a sexual violence. Roxane Roberts, one of the writers at The Washington Post depicted the incident and shifted the blame to Jacksons body as a spontaneous exposure. It is interpreted that these depictions of Jackson who is not able to control her body, white men must surely take control of it. Therefore, Janets costume was represented as a symbol of uncontrollability and sexual aggressiveness, which is the same as predictable behaviour of a Jezebel. Timberlake apologized at the Grammys but the audience laughed on his ridiculous apology. Some people also called it Americas unfair treatment of treating a black woman and giving power to white males. The media channels detracted attention from Timberlakes behaviour and performance of hypersexual white masculinity. References Adams, C., 2016.Justin Timberlake sorry for tweet about Jesse Williams' BET Awards speech. [online] Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Available at: https://www.ew.com/article/2016/06/27/justin-timberlake-jesse-williams-tweet [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Caudill, S.B. and Mixon Jr, F.G., 2013. Celebrity Wardrobe Malfunctions: Economic Efficiency, Property Rights Assignment, and Liability in Popular Culture.Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research,14(2), p.37. Cogan, M., 2014.In the Beginning, There Was a Nipple. [online] ESPN.com. Available at: https://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/10333439/wardrobe-malfunction-beginning-there-was-nipple [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Hapsis, E., 2016.Nipplegate Revisited: Why America Owes Janet Jackson a Huge Apology. [online] KQED Pop. Available at: https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/2016/02/04/nipplegate-revisited-why-america-owes-janet-jackson-a-huge-apology/ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Holland, S., 2009. The Offending Breast of Janet Jackson: Public Discourse Surrounding the Jackson/Timberlake Performance at Super Bowl XXXVIII.Women's Studies in Communication, 32(2), pp.129-150. Hutchinson, B., 2016.Nipplegate: Janet Jackson's breast exposed in halftime show. [online] NY Daily News. Available at: https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/janet-pop-shocker-millions-view-peep-show-article-1.631297 [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Kreps, D., 2014.Nipple Ripples: Revisiting Janet Jackson's Wardrobe Malfunction. [online] Rolling Stone. Available at: https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/nipple-ripples-10-years-of-fallout-from-janet-jacksons-halftime-show-20140130 [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Mail Online, 2016.Janet admits planning boob. [online] Mail Online. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-207344/Janet-admits-planning-boob.html [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Murphy, A., 2016.How Janet Jackson overshadowed classic Super Bowl. [online] SI.com. Available at: https://www.si.com/nfl/2016/01/06/janet-jackson-super-bowl-halftime-show [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Reid, S., 2016.Janet, Justin, MTV Apologize For Super Bowl Flash. [online] MTV News. Available at: https://www.mtv.com/news/1484738/janet-justin-mtv-apologize-for-super-bowl-flash/ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Strecke, E., 2015.Throwback: Justin Timberlake's Laughable Apology for Super Bowl Wardrobe Malfunction. [online] Billboard. Available at: https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/super-bowl-2015/6451182/justin-timberlake-super-bowl-apology-grammys-wardrobe-malfunction [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Wenner, L., 2004. Recovering (From) Janet Jacksons Breast: Ethics and the Nexus of Media, Sports, and Management.Journal of Sport Management, 18(4), pp.315-334.

The Role Of A Government Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Role Of A Government Argumentative Essay Sue Ellen WebbMrs. CaudillEnglish III Honors-520 January 2000The Role of a GovernmentHenry David Thoreau often took extreme positions on the issue of government and its role in society. To this somewhat rebellious transcendentalist, government should not govern people at all and law was often meant to be broken. Thoreaus belief in individualism was so strong in fact that it seems he often took sides on an in issue simply to be in favor of the minority, whether the majority was right or wrong. Certainly, it is important for one to be himself and stand up for what he believes in. However, to Thoreaus statement that that government is best which governs not at all is a bit extreme. We will write a custom essay on The Role Of A Government Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some form of government is necessary first and foremost to prevent chaos and widespread disorder. Without laws and consequences for breaking those laws, people will do exactly what pleases them without regard to how it affects others. Theft and murder will become everyday occurrences because men without ethics will see no reason not to commit these crimes. In fact, the entire population may ending killing themselves off. In addition to an increase of crime, a significant increase in poverty is likely to occur without government leadership. Without government funding, public schools, hospitals, and transportation would be nonexistent. This in conjunction with the lack of welfare funds would obviously lead to a society of poor, uneducated,Webb 2 and sickly people. Without a doubt, a society must be under the rule of a strong government power in order to function properly. Thoreaus statement is also too harsh because it has no regard for the fact that in a democratic society, the people essentially are the government. The whole purpose of a democracy is to ensure that the people govern themselves. Rather than being ruled by a dictator or monarch, members of a democratic society are able to have an input on how the government runs. Ideally, any law that is formed in this country is formed because the majority of the population want it to be formed. Rather than complaining about the existence of a government, Thoreau should have rejoiced at having the rights people in America have. It is doubtful that the laws of any other country would have allowed Thoreau more freedom or independence than the laws of the United States. If he felt otherwise or disagreed with the majority of the population, he should not have chosen to live in the United States. Certainly, one can see that Thoreaus complaints about the censorship placed upon individuals by the government were unjustified. Obviously, Thoreau went too far in stating that the government should not govern at all. Without a government that does its job in governing the people, disaster will occur. While it is not the governments place to suppress the ideas or expressions of its people, it is vital to maintaining organization. As a society, people should strive to find a medium between total lack of government and total control by the government. Bibliographynone

Free Essays on Miracles

‘Miracles’ The term miracle is used in many different terms in this day and age, in an average dictionary, the term is described as, â€Å"something that cannot be explained, by natural circumstances, a supernatural occurrence.† Christian and maybe other religious groups believe that a miracle is an occurrence/s taking place through the gracious power of God! I think its something that man/woman cannot explain, it’s a gift from God. A miracle can take place at any point, and any time. It could also be unexpected, God is not predictable. I also think that we place miracles in the category of things that are humanly impossible to accomplish. Is the term used correctly I think the word miracle should be used to describe something of a powerful nature, for example, â€Å"It was a miracle that Jesus healed Aaron to recover from his coma.† I think that is the best way to use the term, although in today’s world it can be used in a simple sentence formation. For example, â€Å"it’s a miracle, I won the lottery!† Many people use the word as if it’s nothing of any importance. I have a strong belief that a miracle ment more to the people of the New testament times, than in today’s world. Miracles were believed to be a supernatural act of God. I think they still are but the notion is not very strong today. The theories that â€Å"God does not exist† aids in the miss use of the term today and also adds to the mockery. What people thought back then In the times of Jesus, there was no science to prove things, there was no scientific explanation for supernatural things that took place, they just had their own theories. And I think they were more disillusioned to the actual fact of what had taken place. Although I think many believed that miracles were a known fact and that God had given his son, Jesus Christ the ability to perform them. When demons were driven out of people and bad spirits, people assumed it was purely ex... Free Essays on Miracles Free Essays on Miracles ‘Miracles’ The term miracle is used in many different terms in this day and age, in an average dictionary, the term is described as, â€Å"something that cannot be explained, by natural circumstances, a supernatural occurrence.† Christian and maybe other religious groups believe that a miracle is an occurrence/s taking place through the gracious power of God! I think its something that man/woman cannot explain, it’s a gift from God. A miracle can take place at any point, and any time. It could also be unexpected, God is not predictable. I also think that we place miracles in the category of things that are humanly impossible to accomplish. Is the term used correctly I think the word miracle should be used to describe something of a powerful nature, for example, â€Å"It was a miracle that Jesus healed Aaron to recover from his coma.† I think that is the best way to use the term, although in today’s world it can be used in a simple sentence formation. For example, â€Å"it’s a miracle, I won the lottery!† Many people use the word as if it’s nothing of any importance. I have a strong belief that a miracle ment more to the people of the New testament times, than in today’s world. Miracles were believed to be a supernatural act of God. I think they still are but the notion is not very strong today. The theories that â€Å"God does not exist† aids in the miss use of the term today and also adds to the mockery. What people thought back then In the times of Jesus, there was no science to prove things, there was no scientific explanation for supernatural things that took place, they just had their own theories. And I think they were more disillusioned to the actual fact of what had taken place. Although I think many believed that miracles were a known fact and that God had given his son, Jesus Christ the ability to perform them. When demons were driven out of people and bad spirits, people assumed it was purely ex...

The use of emotions during communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The use of emotions during communication - Essay Example Moving on, it is important to comprehend here that emotion-usage is increasing with the interaction amongst people who hail from different cultural backgrounds and settings. This adds to the value of communication methodologies that are adopted amongst the individuals. Hence the need to have a proper mechanism of communication in place is apparent with the changing times because people feel the need to converse with each other and therefore make their point clear in a very lucid way. People use emotions in order to get their point across to a larger set of audience. This is because they feel that by using emotions, they would be able to make their voice apparent and hence their message would be taken more seriously. The element of genuineness and authenticity seems to be the main premise behind displaying emotions in any communication medium. What is even more important is the fact that communication becomes very complete and comprehensive when emotions are embedded in them. Furthermore, there is a need to decipher the exact role of emotions being at the helm of understanding the communication mechanisms within any interactive exercise. This suggests that those people who lack the proper usage of emotions within their peculiar styles of communicating with a large crowd are usually the ones who are taken in a non-serious way. Their genuineness seems to take a big blow just because they are unable to make use of their body language, their nonverbal cues, their usage of hands, body parts and so on (Lapin 2004). When people use emotions to make their point clear, the audience that is listening to them understands the need for the emotional usage which is indeed further boosting the spoken word within a speech. This speech is indeed important for communicating the message from the sender down to the receiver’s end. The use of emotions within any communication mechanism would indeed bring in the much needed sanity that one is looking for. If the speakers

Perfect Competition and Long-run Equilibrium Term Paper

Perfect Competition and Long-run Equilibrium - Term Paper Example Basically, in a market of perfect competition does not give monopoly to a single company. A single firm or company does not rule over the whole market as many firms are producing the same products. Thus one single firm is not able to determine the prices of products. A market with perfect competition would have many suppliers, producers and consumers because of the different firms involved in such a market. The perfect competition involves many sellers or firms and thus it cannot be found to be very common in this world. In perfect competition it is not difficult for the new firms to enter, thus it is seen that many sellers are involved in this type of competition. The reason for this is that the firms do not have to have a huge capital to enter this competition and they can seek help from many individuals when entering in this sector. Moreover not only is it easy to enter the perfectly competitive market but also it is easy to exit such a market. The transactions which are made in t his type of competition do not cost anything to the buyers or sellers. In such a type of competition, it is aimed that the firms maximize their profits by selling their products where the marginal costs and marginal revenue are in equilibrium. The most important characteristic of such a competition is that the products which are being sold are usually manufactured by many companies thus strong competition is felt in this type of competition. An example of perfect competition is a group of fruit vendors who are selling the same fruits.

Do You Know What It Means to Lose New Orleans by Anne Rice Essay

Do You Know What It Means to Lose New Orleans by Anne Rice - Essay Example Her thesis was also based on the irritating utterances made by some eminent people and journalists concerning the flood crises in the area. Rice has relied on her thesis in writing the whole essay. The entire essay revolves around the author main thesis. The thesis is very relevant and acceptable to the situation which occurred in the New Orleans during the flood crises. To start with, the city is very important to its residents and the entire United States of America economy. It accommodates a very unique subculture in America known as Africa-America. On the other hand, the city has its own history ranging from as early as in 1800s and United States of America history is not complete without the inclusion of New Orleans city. Additionally, the city offers employment and accommodations for thousands of people who reside in the area. There are also very many churches, universities and other infrastructures which are extremely imperative for the development of America and the entire wo rld. Compared to other states in United States of America, New Orleans is extremely peaceful and accommodates a substantial number of black Americas. The city is also very beneficial to United States of America economy as its unique music and essays attract both local and foreign tourists in the country. It is also only in New Orleans where there exist peaceful societies where people maintain their family institutions, love each other as well as caring for other people welfare. Therefore, according to Rice, New Orleans ought to be given appropriate attention in the times of crises just like any other state in America (Anne 1). Does the other have good support for her thesis? Rice has adequate and concrete support for her thesis. In the initial stage of explaining her thesis, Rice provides a history of New Orleans city and its important to America. He quoted others writers who had come together to writes essays on the important of New Orleans to American in early 1840s. According to Rice, many people who reside in the states declines to go to other states because of the favorable condition in the state. Rice also explains the important of the city to the United States of America as a country. He quotes some of the most crucial structures which exist in the city and their relevant to America and the world at large. According to her observations, universities such as Xavier and Dillard University are very crucial to black America. On the other hand, in her essay, Rice talks about the state harmony and attractive music which is exceptionally appropriate in attracting local and international tourist thus leading to economic development in the country. Does the author have strong argument or weakness? What makes it strong or weak? Rice has a very strong argument in her essay. To justify her argument, the authors has started by analyzing the history of New Orleans in explaining the important of the city to its residents and to the entire Americans. She refers to old days writers who have written about the important of the city to America. On the other hand, the author talks about the reality in New Orleans. The city is occupied by both whites and blacks in America. The harmony of the country is brought about by the caring status of the city’s residents. She provided an example in which residence of New Orleans offered adequate assistance to flood victims. As a matter of fact, the area is occupied by middle class and

Rules And Procedures Of Bosco Plastics Commerce Essay

Rules And Procedures Of Bosco Plastics Commerce Essay I surely believe that his activity of decentralization can effect on company significantly. His first step was amazing, to analyze what is wrong, what he has to do to solve the problems, why the company research output and manufacturing productivity had steadily declined. After he had found the problems he started decentralization. I think decentralization of rules is a first step for recovering Bosco Plastic. It is because the previous one was made wrong, unplanned and haphazardly. Moreover the rules and procedures of the company was the same for every employees and time table for them was too flexible. For example labor could come whenever they wanted between 8:00 and 10:00 and leave after 9 hours. It is uncommon for company which has 400 employees. Time table has to be strongly made individually or divided into groups. There are must be the time when labor has to arrive and the time when they leave. This touches also breaks. The time table of employees directly connected with prod uctivity. By the way the situation on developing area was also even worse . There were not excellent conditions for engineers and chemist. The punching machine was broken and even if there was opportunity to make something new it was too difficult to put on production. To sum up, to make decentralization better Jill can make a research and analyze the situation more carefully. It is very important to make rules with the help of supervisors, managers and employees. 1.1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and cultures Organizational structure is a common principles on which the organizations management structure is built and the process controlled. That means organizational structure illustrates schematic interaction between different labors. There is always a need for a people in the business to know who is in charge, what is their role and who turn to if there is any problem. All of these questions could be answered by organizational structure. It is important to know that different firms have structured differently. A structure of enterprise relies on the organizations strategy and objectives. Types of organizational structures:C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBob.jpg Line organizational structure (figure 1) is the simplest hierarchical management structure, also known as a bureaucratic. Line structure consists of chief and several subordinate employees, large companies can also have up to 3 to 4 or more levels of hierarchy. Fifure 1 Source (http://www.bscdesigner.com/setting-up-balanced-scorecard-concept-for-business-hierarchy.htm) Functional Structure is described in figure 2. As we see from the name the main idea of the structure is to divide company into several specialized group, ie each controller is specialized in the implementation of specific activities or departments. Each group has own responsibilities, duty and they are not connected directly. For example financial controller is not able to influence to customer service. However customer service manager can influence to planning manager because planning manager is one of the department of customer service.. C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOB790550803004.png This structure is best suited for firms which produce standardized goods or services at low cost and large volumes. Product Based Structure C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBdesign5.gif In this type of structure firms divided by products, projects or geography. This allows a company to have a particular focus on specific items in its business operations. Each group concentrated on own product or serve. This method is now gaining ground in large enterprises, which are expanding the range of products, where the other method would only complicate the structure of the organization. Source(http://www.revisionguru.co.uk/business/design.htm) The Divisional structure .This type of structure is more complicated rather than product based or functional. In the structure company is split up into several self contained business units which are called division, each of which operates as a profit center. Division may engage in production of specific types of products, work in a particular area or on a particular market.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBDivision.png Source(http://www.bscdesigner.com/setting-up-balanced-scorecard-concept-for-business-hierarchy.htm) Matrix structure is a most complicated organizational structure. Matrix one is combination of two different structures usually line and functional structure. In matrix structure, knowledge and skills of the talented employees could be shared between the functional departments and the project management teams, as needed. In this organization structure, usually employees have two managers to whom they may have to report. Which manager is more powerful-it depends on the type of matrix structure.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBOrganization Structure3.jpgSource(http://sameh.wordpress.com/2006/05/13/a7/) Organizational culture is a coordinate system that helps employees build their behavior both inside the company and outside of it. This is what unites them values, business philosophy, which includes the mission, vision, general purpose, beliefs and habits. It is an atmosphere which is formed within the group, the rules that a novice should learn to be accepted by the team, norms and traditions that occur over time in the team. Charles Handys organizational culture types. Power a culture that is dominated by the head of the organization has a strong influence over the people. These organizations have a simple structure, few rules and procedures but with well -understood, implicit codes on how to behave and work. They are authoritarian, tightly controlled workers. This type of culture can quickly respond to changing situations, make decisions quickly and organize their implementation. The big disadvantage of power culture is the size of the organization. Therefore, it can be effective only for relatively small firms. The success of the organization with the power culture is entirely determined by abilities and qualifications of head of organization Role in this case members activities are formalized and standardized in details. It is the culture of the bureaucratic type, based on official capacity, a clear system of rules and regulations, the distribution of rights, duties and responsibilities of the members of the organization, which ensures its effective existence for a long time. However, the effectiveness of the role culture firstly depends on the rational division of work and responsibility, and not on individual personalities. Task culture culture, which focuses on successful execution of tasks or projects. The effectiveness of the organization mostrly connected with a high professionalism of employees and cooperative group. Task culture tries to connect the appropriate resources and appropriate staff at the right level and to enable them to do the job well. This culture is characterized by: a high degree of autonomy, evaluation the job by results, informal working relationships within the group, mutual respect based on personal skills.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBelle-smart-fig-2 (1).jpg Person a culture in which the central point is the individual. The culture exist primarily to serve and help their members. Power in such an organization is based on proximity to resources, professionalism and ability to negotiate. It is only a coordinating nature. Examples of person culture can be law firms, small consulting firms, unions, journalists and architects, etc. Source (http://www.ivoryresearch.com/elle-smart.php) 1.2 What kinds of rules and procedures do you think the department managers will come up with? Which departments will be more formalised? Why? Firstly I want to notice that Jill Thomson made an excellent decision to ask department managers to create new rules and procedures to their area. The first great changing I think will touch the entire procedures. Also the rules will be not the same in whole each department will have different rules. Except this time table for employees will be not flexible as it was. For example employees will not able to come wherever they want between 8:00 and 10 am. Managers have to create time table for each member or divide them for several groups as it shown in the table and breaks as well. # Group Day In Break out 1 A Mon,thue,sat 09:00 13:30-14:30 18:00 2 B Thur.Sun.Wen 11:00 14:30-15:30 20:00 3 Developing department Mon-friday 10:00 14:00 15:00 19:00 4 Mostly changes need in developing department as the company is an innovation company which is produces toys. The sale depends on new product the more new products the more the sale. So the profit directly connected with this department. Jill has to mansion it and pays attention to this department more. First of all the punching machine has to be changed. Also the going down to the local dime store must be returned. Moreover the implementation new toys should be simpler. Supervisors and Managers should give monthly statement about their stuff and work. 1.2 Explain how the relationship between an organisations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. Organizational structure can be compared to a foundation of management system, which is built to ensure that all the processes taking place in company implemented in a time and accurately. Thats why there is the enormous attention from leaders of organizations, focusing on the principles and methods of building structures of the organization, the selection of types and species, the study of trends and assessment of relevant tasks of the organization it shows the urgency and importance of the topic in the current conditions. The structure of the organization includes all of the tools that is carried out: -Distribution of activities between the components of the Organization; -Coordination of the activities of these components. Indeed, without the structures employees would simply be unmanageable crowd, or, at best, a set of independent groups, not an organization. Structure one of the main characteristics of the organization regardless of whether it is a tennis club or charity, workers cooperative or a multinational corporation. The main characteristics of the organizational structure is divided into sections (departments, sectors, etc.), as well as accountability and subordination. But there are other features (for example, information systems and numerous procedures for coordination) , which cannot be shown in this scheme. Organizational culture is something for which people have become members of the organization, how are relations between them, what rules and principles of life they share, what they think is good and what is bad, and a lot more of what relates to the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of and norms. This not only differentiates one organization from another, but also significantly determines the success of the operation and survival of the organization in the long term. As the culture plays a very important role in the life of the organization, it should be the subject of attention from management. Management is not only consistent organizational culture and is highly dependent on it, but may in turn have an impact on the formation and development of organizational culture. To do this, managers must be able to analyze the organizational culture and influence on its formation and the change in the desired direction. Organizational culture creates internal, spiritual core of the company, promotes team building, creates a sense of awareness among the staff and responsibility for their work. The organizational culture of the team improves and solves problems as personal development of staff and the development of the organization. It is a prerequisite for the formation of stable and efficient working team, a clear vision of the mission of the organization. 1.3 What risks will the company face if it establishes different procedures for different areas? Explain your reasons by analysing the merits and demerits of organic and mechanistic structures with regard to changes proposed by Jill Thompson. I think that the company will not face serious problems with it , because in my opinion Thompson does not want hugely changes , he tries to put the company on right way. First of all if we consider this situation by changing organization structure from organic to mechanistic one we have to know what are they. Mechanistic Organic Individual specialization: Employees work separately and specialize in one task Joint Specialization: Employees work together and   coordinate tasks Simple integrating mechanisms: Hierarchy of authority well-defined Complex integrating mechanisms: task forces and teams are primary integrating mechanisms Centralization: Decision-making kept as high as possible. Most communication is vertical. Decentralization: Authority to control tasks is delegated. Most communication lateral Standardization: Extensive use made of rules Standard Operating Procedures Mutual Adjustment: Face-to-face contact for coordination. Work process tends to be unpredictable Much written communication Much verbal communication Informal status in org based on size of   empire Informal status based on perceived   brilliance Organization is a network of positions,   corresponding to tasks. Typically each   person corresponds to one task Organization is network of persons or teams. People work in different capacities simultaneously and over time Source (http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/organic_vs_mechanistic_structure.htm) The previous structure was mechanic structure. This structure characterized by using formal rules and procedures. In this case all employees of the company must act strictly according to the instructions and do not deviate from them. So in Bosco Plastic all employees had the same rules and procedures. However organic one is not formal, rules can be changed, better adapted to rapid changes in external conditions and the emergence of new technologies. Also employees are treated as certain patterns of behavior, so the emphasis is on motivation, various very complex systems of remuneration and bonuses, benefits package and so on. If youre a good worker and executes corporate or production levels, will give you a bonus to the salary, health insurance, pensions, canteen, cellular pool with a gym. Mostly Bosco looked like a mechanic one in my opinion. The company did not pay attention to employees. The big problem will touch I think supervisors and managers because they will have more duties and responsibilities. For example they have to find different approaches to each employee. Employees will face problems as well. They have to change their habits which they used. Sometimes there are will be misunderstanding but the changings need to this company. 1.3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work. According to Michael Mattson and John Ivancevich, the most factors that impact on individual differences in behavioral  patterns  are abilities and skills, perception, demographic factors, attitudes and  personality. Personality usually refers to uniqueness of each person and personal features that make him or her differ from other people. In fact, personality is based on predictability how a person will act or react under different circumstances .Thus, personality affects other people in an organization through interaction. Sometimes mix of different characters can lead to conflict between two or more people which afterwards may decrease effectiveness of team. That is why, leaders of groups should provide teammates with quizzes that can identify their personality. After that people with the same personal features will be work in one group in order to avoid misunderstanding. Perception is the cognitive process by which a person interprets the environment. It is a process of awareness of what is happening around us, through selection of interpretation of information from the external environment. It is a way of forming ideas about themselves and the world. Perception is a filter which helps to analyze information before it will have an impact on people. Everyone is an artist that paints a picture in their minds of the world, which reflected his personal vision of reality. Because of individual differences in preferences, personal qualities, values and interests people often see the same things differently. Managers should take into account the differences in perception. Attitudes and values are main factors that influence individual behavior. Actually, personal attitudes are an integral part within the organization that can influence on positive and negative behavior. Brooks (2003) states that, attitudes based on direct experiences can be very strong and very hard to break. First of all, an attitude includes some emotional elements such as mood, beliefs, opinions and other aspects. In addition there are four types of attitudes such as: organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment (Brooks, 2003). Many people prove that attitudes are not entrenched in our character as deeply as values. For instance, values give us a sense to understand what is good and bad or right and wrong (Brooks, 2003). Besides this, values in organization can create and develop specific corporate culture. Consequently, certain established values will differentiate organizations from their competitors. According to Rock each and Ball-Rockeach (1989) values can be terminal and instrumental. Basically, terminal values are based on peace, security, partnership and other elements. Whereas, instrumental values expressed in a form of behaviour in order to achieve these terminal values. On the other hand, attitudes and values can lead to conflict between individuals and groups. Thus, it will be difficult to establish a certain culture within the organization. Abilities and Skills: Ability is a physical capacity of an individual to do something. Skill can be termed as the ability to act in a way that accepts a person to perform well. Ability and Skills have great impact on the  individual behavior  and performance. An employee can perform well in the company if his skills and abilities are matched with the  job  requirement. The managers are of great relevance in matching the skills and abilities of the employees with the specific  job  requirement.

Robinson Crusoe :: essays research papers

Robinson was a young man of 18 and had a dream to be a sailor. He asked his father for permission. His father thought that he should stay home and take over the family business or study law. Robinson asked his father again to let him have just one sail. His father disapproved once more. One afternoon a shipped sailed in from the harbor. The captain of the ship was one of Crusoe’s friend’s, father. The captain invited Crusoe on a voyage to the English coast and he couldn’t resist. Crusoe ran away. He was very seasick. Soon after he set off on his second voyage. Here he would travel to the coast of Africa. He learned how to trade with the natives. On one of his voyages he was ship wrecked and picked up by another boat. The captain owned a plantation. Soon after this Crusoe bought his own plantation. When other plantation owners needed slaves to work their farms they asked Crusoe to sail to Africa. Crusoe agreed and set sail. On the way there they ran into many stor ms. Three men were killed very soon. The twelfth day was a hard one. The biggest storm hit. Its waves were giant. The ship was in very bad shape and Crusoe had to abandon it. He and the other sailors loaded into the small boat and paddled to land. All of the sudden a titanic wave crashed onto the boat. It drowned everyone but Crusoe. He was lucky to be alive. When he got the strength to walk again he found himself a safe place to sleep for the night, which was between to limbs a big tree. When he awoke the next morning he went he decided to salvage some stuff from the boat. There were so many things on the ship he had to build a raft to carry them back to land. He found carpentry tools, artillery, clothes, nails, and food. When he was on his way back a current started to pull him away from the place were he had landed. It was a creek. It pulled him to a perfect spot to unload his stuff. Crusoe found a great place to build a fort were he could see if any ships came and to protect him from any other sorts wild of beasts. Soon he learned that he should keep a calendar. He stood up a post in the sand.

What Is the Definition of Marketing

What is the definition of marketing? What are the benefits and drawbacks of incorporating marketing into the sales function of an organization? Do you think that marketing should be included as part of the sales organization within a company? Explain why or why not. What is the definition of marketing? â€Å"Marketing is the recognition and reunion of the human and social or cultural requirements. There is one of the best and smallest meaning of the marketing is the congregation of desires beneficially† (Kotler & Keller, 2009, p. 5). In addition, the meanings of marketing are given as performing actions that can accomplish the objectives by predicting consumer’s requirements to provide required gratifying things, services, and so on, by the Perrault, Cannon, and McCarthy (2009). What are the benefits and drawbacks of incorporating marketing into the sales function of an organization? The benefit or profits of incorporating marketing into the sales function of an organization is eventually raised sales. Marketing can provide many great thoughts for the output or product: any how, you should understand that how to obtain or search out people for purchasing. A mutual attempt of the marketing and sales can provide evidence of the success. The drawback or negative aspect of incorporating marketing into the sales function of an organization is coordination and cooperation†. The sales force or powers believe that the product managers set prices or sale ration â€Å"too high†; or the publicity director and a trademark manager could not concur on an advertising operation or campaign† (Kotler & Keller, 2009, p. 24). In order to do extremely well, all members of the society or organization should work in unity. Do you think that marketing should be included as part of the sales organization within a company? Explain why or why not. Obviously, I believe that marketing should be taken as part of the sales organization within a company. Marketing and Sales are interrelated to each other; Marketing carries out prospective consumer to the sales division. In huge advertizing organizations, it is very complex to describe as where marketing split ends and sales embark on.

Crash from a Psychological Perspective Essay Example

Crash from a Psychological Perspective Essay Example Crash from a Psychological Perspective Paper Crash from a Psychological Perspective Paper Essay Topic: Film In the film Crash we are given a picture of all different kinds of social and multicultural differences, giving us an eye opening example of how these conducts and racisms affect our society. Two of the most obvious biases within the film are prejudice and stereotyping. These behaviors are viewed as thoughts and feelings that almost everyone has felt at some point. In the first scene we meet a Muslim man, attempting to buy a gun. The store owner is a Caucasian male that has a negative attitude towards the customer because of his Muslim background. The owners stereotypical feelings set off negative attitudes because of the bad feelings he had about the Muslim race; being immediately associated with the Al Qaeda terrorist group of 9/11. The negative attitude and hostility observed in this particular scene, is an example of prejudice. Although it has always existed in humanity, most would assume it would have fizzled out by the 21st century because we are now better educated and informed in understanding that one groups actions should not be stereotyped to the entire race. Unfortunately in this film, it does the complete opposite and shows our stereotyping by appearance attitude. Crash was made to intentionally show biased prejudices against minorities. Latinos are shown to be gang bangers; for example the depiction of Daniel the locksmith (Michael Pena); the wife of the D. A Jean Cabot (Sandra Bullock) insists on having the locks changed when Daniel leaves as she believes he is a (gang banger, with prison tattoos). Blacks either become gun-toting criminals as Anthony (Chris Ludacris Bridges) and his side- kick Peter Waters (Larenz Tate) are depicted as or are righteous upper class characters such as Cameron (Terrance Howard. Asians become greedy smugglers, and whites oversee this chaos with arrogance and bigotry. This is shown in the depiction of the two white police officers, Officer John Ryan (Matt Dillon) and Officer Tom Hansen (Ryan Phillippe). A more current representation is shown in the character of Farhad (Shaun Toub); Middle Easterners are depicted as stubborn, confused convenience store owners. Toubs character may reflect the current Middle Eastern stereotype caused by the aftermath of 9/11. This current representation is revealed when we see Farhad shoot a gun at a small child, many other guns are raised by characters of ethnic origin, but Farhad who is mistaken for being Iraqi (when he is actually Persian) is the only character to attempt murder. The only character that I believe shows us a true alternative to race negativity is the character of Daniel (Michael Pena). Daniel is mistaken to be a gang member because of his appearance (having a shaved head and prison tattoos) but he the movie then shows him in a more positive light as a father who is working hard to provide and protect his wife and young daughter. The alternative stereotype of an African American is offered in Crash through the characters of Christine and Cameron. Educated, successful and well off African American citizens, however after an unwarranted police stop, Christine is enraged by her husbands refusal to intervene when white cop Ryan takes frisking too far. She criticizes him for what she sees as a cowardly, he insists he acted the only way he could, that when a white man has power there is no way to win, so you do what you can to survive. This is a perfect example of the White Privilege that weve discussed in class. This exploitation of African Americans at the hand of white people would imply that racism is mostly institutional; however the thought behind the movie suggests that discrimination and racist attitudes are down to the people who enable it; for example Officer Ryan verbally abuses Shaniqua (Loretta Devine); a black case manager at an insurance company. She takes Ryans racism with dignity as he unloads his frustration with the insurance companys rules about his fathers care onto her. She seems to be a more reasonable character in the film. However this is short lived, in a key point at the end of the film. Shaniqua has a car crash were an Asian woman rear-ends Shaniquas car. She then emerges from her car shouting dont talk to me unless you speak American. The LAPD is represented by two characters and from two different perspectives. One perspective is from that of Officer Ryan. In contrast to his previous wrong doings, Ryan finds himself at the scene of a car crash where Christine the woman who he previously sexually attacked is in a life threatening situation. Ryan now challenges his previous stereotype and puts his own life in danger to rescue Christine, even after she hysterically rejects his help. Hanson in contrast to Ryan is compassionate and idealistic. Hanson tries to prevent the incident between Officer Ryan and Christine and throughout the film he tries to uphold his morals, he is the character who is most committed to racial justice but unfortunately at the end of the movie Hansons fear defeats justice and he shoots an innocent African American man. Officer Hanson later realizes that he holds a deep-rooted psychological racism within his consciousness; I believe Hanson is a good example of how many of us judge by appearances. As far as personal experience, living in Milwaukee, as a non-African American working at a runaway shelter for 75% African American teens makes it easier to have an insight into all kinds of prejudice and stereotypes within the African American society. After learning about this behavior and experiencing how segregation can really feel for some, its hard to not feel negatively judged by others when you dont belong to the majority group. Ive also realized my own negative biases and stereotypes when I am part of the majority. Unfortunately, prejudice is not just an attitude that internal; it also impacts behavior. When our attitudes show negativity because of differences within people whether its skin color or culture; the result produced is usually discrimination and the social inequality caused by it. Therefore, we in our efforts to reduce prejudice need to take the social context into consideration when focusing on individuals attitudes. The movie Crash illustrates the different points of view of people in our society; it gives us insights into the stereotypes we have developed within our society and around the world. It helps us to understand how such a small stereotype and negative attitude can really affect someone in several diverse ways. We need to learn to control prejudice and the stereotypes we hold against other groups, since these are our own attitudes and feelings that are learned and not innate we can teach ourselves to get rid of these negatives behaviors by not being judgmental and not having negative biases towards others. The key to changing stereotypes and prejudice is the responsibility of us as individuals. Each of us needs to take a better look at the assumptions that we make about other people and ask ourselves where those assumptions come from. Are they based on facts or personal experiences with others? Are your assumptions formed by things you have heard from others? Learned from the TV or media? Learned in school or from parents? Is it likely that some of your negative images are wrong; at least for some people? More often than not, the answer to that last question is likely to be yes. Most groups have moderates and extremists, trying to get to know people as individuals instead of generalizing the whole group will trim down on the stereotypes you hold against others, and it is also likely to reduce the stereotypes others hold of us. On a day-to-day basis we will be faced with reactions; it is how we interpret the situation and our actions in response to those reactions that will shadow our perception of daily life.

Actor Bill Cosby essays

Actor Bill Cosby essays Bill Cosby was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 12, 1937. He was the oldest of four boys. He had three brothers, and their names were: James, Russell, and Robert. His father ran away near Christmas time when he was very young and he had to get a job to help support the family. In school he was the class clown and was sent to a special school for rowdy boys. In his new school his teacher was Mary Forchic. She saw that he was a great comedian and she put that into her lessons to make them more understandable for Bill. She made the lessons fun for him and made it easier to learn. He said that she made him what he is today. After a couple years he went back to his old school and even though his grades were dropping he still kept it together. Bill was starting to look up to comedians on the radio and the TV. They were comedians like Sam Levenson, Sid Caesar, and Carl Reiner. Even though his grades were poor in junior high, when he took the standardized tests he was accepted to Central High School, which was a school for all the gifted children in Pennsylvania. Now being six feet, he was on the high school football team. But in the first week of football he broke his arm. Since there were few blacks in the school and he was slightly a target of biggotous remarks he went back to getting attention by clowning around in class again. He was later sent to Germantown Highschool where all his neighborhood friends went. He was back with his friends but his grades started to drop. He was left back twice. He was also too old to participate in the city track meets (which he could easily win). Bill dropped out of h igh school. He went to be a shoemaker=s helper, but the shoemaker didn=t like it when he nailed the ladies heels onto the mens shoes! Then Bill decided to join the Navy. There he found discipline and no room to joke around. He spent four long years in the Navy but he says that it made him more mature and able to control himself ...

Sleeping Beauty Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Sleeping Beauty - Assignment Example The principal themes in the story sleeping beauty gender empowerment, gender equity, capitalism, equitable sharing of resources, non- discrimination, democracy, corruption and fairness equity in resource allocation. Disney movies have incorporated dancing so is the story of sleeping beauty, Disney movies also has a lot of animation using animals as human characters. Sleeping beauty also is an animation type of genre. The politics of gender in the sleeping beauty champions that gender equity is critical in today’s life. Discrimination on gender is something old fashioned. Equitable participation as depicted in the many women actors in the sleeping beauty story. Women empowerment is a clinical step towards solving domestic challenges. In the story, women can be referred to as the mothers of nature since the play the nurturing role effectively. Increased participation of w indicates the will to grab equal opportunities that come their way in the daily life of the society. In the western culture gender discrimination is

Quantitative market research report carried out on a professional Paper

Quantitative market report carried out on a professional photo service by Marketest (marketing company) - Research Paper Example In addition, although the main aim of taking photos is for memory purposes, many people have gone beyond this tradition belief, and incorporated other aspects such as taking photos for fun, marketing strategies for business among other aspects (Davis 11). In this regard, most people in the UK have decided to seek professional help in matters pertaining to photography services. This is because professional photographer may have a variety of services such as editing photos, adding literature in them and even blending them to bring out the desired purpose of the customer (Allen 7). On the other hand, it is apparent that there a great need to have professional photo services for such purposes. 2. Literature review Importance of using professional photo services for business Due to high competition in the current markets, businesses have decided to spice their marketing strategies in order to develop and maintain competitive advantage that would enable them thrive in a highly competitive market. In this regard, professional photo services play a critical role in informing customers of new and exciting products (Adrian 49). For instance, a hotel may decide to use professional photo services to display some of their new foods. ... In hotel business, entrances and table menus acts as the best places to place advertisement pictures. In addition, they are in a better position to advise the business owner of additional materials to incorporate on the picture (Obermeier and Padova 74). For businesses advertising on the internet and especially via their websites, professional photo services could decide of the best photos to be placed on the website in line with the target market and the line of business (Folsom and Goodridge 12). A good example of a professional photo services is McDonalds. Although there has been heated debate on the dietary and unhealthy effects of fast foods, McDonalds has managed to maintain a considerable number of customers due to its use of professional photo services, which are well displayed on its website and its outlets across the globe. Company vehicles are well branded with photos of different fast foods such as styled hamburger, which entices people even those that clearly know about the effects of fast foods. Studies have documented that quality photos can be used to sell a product or hurt the business greatly. A poor photo can display a negative image of business products thus affecting business performance. For instance, a poorly taken or displayed photo can translate to poor quality products, and this can shun away customers (Johnson 298). A good and quality photo can attract new customers as well as maintain the already existing ones (Malhotra and Birks 24). In this regard, professional photo services can determine the best photos to entice customers, and which; can impress them on their first encounter with them. Studies have also documented that photos can be used to put across several meanings

What is Philosophy Philosophical Conceptions Of Life Essay

What is Philosophy Philosophical Conceptions Of Life - Essay Example It was believed that the gods were volatile and unpredictable and thus man was at their mercy because they controlled everything. Philosophers introduced a very different line of thought, divergent from the first assumption. They are referred to as thinkers, implying that they ushered in an era where man started to come to conclusions about the issues of life through reason and observation. Philosophy has grown over the years and has been subject to religious and ethical; considerations. This is because religion and ethical standards determine how people act and philosophy tries to explain why things happen and how people act in certain ways. Philosophical history started to appear in ancient Greece in the 6th century B.C.in the city of Miletus (Russell 3). This early group of philosophers is known as the Milesian philosophers because of the city they came from.These early philosophers may have had findings that would seem odd today, such as some claims made by one of the Philosophers, Thales, that everything was made of water and everything is full of gods, but all the same, it was the gods that triggered man to shift from his earlier position and to examine other ways to explore why things happened the way they did and why man also behaved the way he did. Man started to observe life from a completely new perspective due to the influence of philosophers. Ancient Greece went on to produce some of the greatest philosophers in the western world, and this revolutionized the whole world in its way of thinking as man started to thirst for and seek wisdom (Kenny, 19). Philosophy has been referred to by some people as the love o f wisdom. Philosophy is important to man because it looks at basic issues through reason and observation, and thus enables us to choose the way to do things and also how to live with one another in harmony in any given situation and grouping. It enables man to come to conclusion about issues from a point of knowledge. Today, philosophy has developed over the years and covers mainly for different areas which are logic, epistemology, metaphysics and axiology. Logic involves the obtaining of knowledge by looking at the evidence and listening to the arguments brought forth and analyzing them philosophically (Brown). People may say what they do not mean but a philosopher can bring out the truth through philosophical reasoning. Epistemology, which is a branch of philosophy, is the ability to support what we believe with facts about it. It looks at what conditions must be satisfied so as to assert that what we say is true about something. As man makes statements about issues, epistemology is very important. Metaphysics is the study of what things exist, their nature and the reasons why they function the way they do. It also deals with examining why people behave the way they do. It examines whether it is through their free will or as a result of other factors. This is an important shift from the pre philosophy period where all was attributed to the gods and other personalities. It enables man to know his world better and even integrate better. Axiology is the study of different types of values, and these are beauty and art, social and political aspects and ethics (Brown). Political philosophy has facilitated the setting up of good political systems while ethical behavior is important as people live with one another in the world because it examines right and wrong and good and evil.