Men and Women in Society

Well obviously, men and women are different. In society however men and women play very different roles. Used to be, men were looked at as the dominant one in a relationship and society. Now a day women are becoming dominant in more ways than one. For example, in the job world, government, relationships, freedom, and sex are just some of the categories that women have risen in, in society. More women are in positions of power and authority.Even though, because of the past, men and women will never be treated the same, in society mostly men and women are treated fairly equal. There is little to no discrimination in the job field or the government against women in society. Men are still usually looked at as a higher class than women but that is just because of the past events that have happened in society. The world is becoming an all-around equal place. The history of women in the American labor force has been shaped by diverse cultural, legal, demographic, and ethno-racial influences .Like men, women in preindustrial America contributed to their household and community economies through paid and unpaid labor, but the material rewards of their labor were limited by cultural beliefs, social practices, and laws that subordinated women to men. Except by special legal arrangement, married women could not sign labor contracts, own property, or claim their own wages. Some women did work for wages, but those who did, even unmarried women and widows, clustered in lower-paying occupations and earned lower wages than men.Initially, these conditions were reproduced, and even accentuated, as the industrial economy developed. As families became more dependent on cash for survival, free women (as well as free men) increased their participation in the paid labor force. Especially numerous as seamstresses in the needle trades and in domestic work, women were also essential to the emerging factories. Other women worked as members of â€Å"family† production units (in shoem aking or retail shops, for example) and as homeworkers in textiles, shoes, or other products–patterns of work that still persist.Laws granting married women legal rights to their wages and to property became common only in the late nineteenth century. The growing identification of men as â€Å"breadwinners† and the rise of an urban middle class (with its status-conscious emphasis on the â€Å"lady of leisure†) further reinforced the tendency to view women as secondary wage-earners, regardless of their actual contributions to family survival. From the late nineteenth century onward, U. S. -born white women enjoyed steadily expanding access to nonagricultural and nonindustrial occupations. They increasingly found jobs as office clerks and secretaries and in retailing.Benefiting from expanded educational opportunities, white, middle-class women in the late nineteenth century entered the professions in growing numbers, initially as teachers, librarians, social worke rs, and nurses, and later in a variety of career paths, from firefighting and police work to the law, medicine, the ministry, higher education, and in the corporate world. Historically, patterns of participation in the paid labor force have varied dramatically by marital status as well as by ethnicity and nativity. â€Å"Until the 1930s, most wage-earning women were unmarried.As late as 1960, only one-third of married women were gainfully employed–a figure that obscures a common pattern of irregular yet continuing labor-force participation. Only in the late twentieth century did that pattern decisively shift. In 1997, 61. 3 percent of married women were in the labor force† (Boydston). Although only in the late twentieth century did most labor unions show an interest in organizing female workers, women in the paid labor force long constituted an aggressive force for reform. In the government of the U. S. women, such as Hilary Clinton, are just as strong and knowledgeabl e as men.Women have run for president, there has been a woman as secretary of state, as have many other women who have been incorporated into the government staff. Men have always been involved in the government. The obvious facts of this are all of the male presidents that have been in office, there has never been a female president, not to say that there never will be. There will be, one day, a women in office running the United States. â€Å"In the 1995 World Conference on Women, 189 governments committed to â€Å"ensure women’s equal access to and full participation in power structures and decision-making. To fulfill this strategic objective, governments also pledged to establish the goal of â€Å"gender balance in governmental bodies and committees as well as in public administrative entities and in the judiciary. † Six years later, not much has changed – women’s representation in politics remains dismally low. †(UNDP 2). â€Å"Today women a re only 13. 7 percent of parliaments worldwide according to data collected by the Inter-Parliamentary Union, a mere 0. 6 percent increase annually. In the Asia Pacific, women are 14. 2 percent of national parliaments† (UNDP 1).At this rate, it will take 75 years before women attain equal representation in national governments. At the local level, the situation is no different – women make up a small percentage of legislative councils and other local bodies in most countries in the world. Only Sweden, Denmark and Finland in Europe have reached a critical mass of 30 percent women in local governments, while South Africa and Trinidad and Tobago come close at 28 and 23 percent respectively. In the Asia Pacific, women’s representation in local governments has ranged from a low two percent to a high 30 percent (e. . India, Bangladesh and New Zealand)(UNDP 2-3). Even though women are told that they are equal in the government, according to the facts, they really are not . There are the obvious difference about men and women and sex, but men and women have different characteristics when it comes to sex. It probably won't surprise you to learn that researchers have found that men tend to initiate sex more frequently than do women. Researchers have also found that men tend to be more â€Å"goal oriented,† to consider the act of sex, especially orgasm, to be what love making is all about.Women, in contrast, tend to focus more on tenderness and the quality of their emotional relationship. Keep in mind that generalizations about human behavior, although true in the abstract, do not apply to individuals. Most men and women apparently have different emphases on sexual intercourse and emotional relationships, but any particular individual may vary from this tendency. A particular man, for example, may be more oriented toward intimacy, a particular woman toward having sex. Generalizations, then, can lead to stereotypes that paint everyone with the sam e broad brushstroke, causing us to overlook individual differences.One of the ways our culture inhibits women's sexuality is through stereotypes. A sexually promiscuous man is often looked up to by his friends. He is seen as a success in sexual matters, a conqueror, a sexual victor. In contrast, a woman who has many sexual partners is not as likely to be viewed in the same way. Questions are likely to be raised about why she is â€Å"like that. † People may refer to her by negative terms, such as whore. Although this double standard of stereotypes is easing, it persists. When it comes to virginity men and women typically re viewed different. Women expressed more positive feelings about their decision, and they were more apt to say they were proud or satisfied with their virginity. Men, in contrast, were more apt to say they felt embarrassed or even guilty about their virginity. The reason for this difference in attitude about virginity is likely due to gender roles, to differ ences about what is expected of men and women. There appears to be a general idea that if a woman is a virgin, she is one by choice, but if a man is a virgin, he has problems of some sort.It seems that a woman can wait for the right person, or for marriage, but a man ought to be seeking sex–and the more sex he has, the manlier he is. In short, being a virgin may challenge a man's masculinity, but not a woman's femininity. In relationships between men and women some say that men and women can just be friends. They way men chose their friends is not just my the female’s personality. A man choses his female friends by how attracted he is to them. Even if it is just a small attraction, its still there. A man isn’t going to initiate friendship with someone he deems â€Å"ugly†, or â€Å"unattractive†.The same goes for women. So, in essence men and women cannot just be friends. There is always something more there to tempt either the man or the women, wh ether he/she is in another relationship or not, to have some kind of whether it be physical or emotional connection with that â€Å"friend†. When polled, 58% said yes , and 42% said no men and women cannot just be friends ( Friends). So really there are no definite answers to this question. Throughout history, women's rights have been the subject of much debate and controversy.The concept of a woman's ‘right' can take a variety of forms including voting, reproductive control, equality in the workplace and service in the military. In most societies the women's movement has faced opposition and equality has been hard won. Equal rights campaigners have championed the movement with the goal of establishing fair and comparable treatment for women under law. â€Å"Evidence dating from around 8500 B. C suggests that in Ancient Egyptian society's work was divided along gender lines with the women assuming agricultural duties and the men taking on the role of hunter/gathererâ⠂¬  (sampson).Progress has been made over the decades, but there is still debate over some aspects of women's rights and the extent to which they have effectively redressed the prior imbalance. In a 2009 report published by the Department of Labor, it is stated that on average women earn approximately 80 percent of the salary a man is paid for the same job. Whilst this is an improvement from 30 years before, when a woman earned 62 percent of a man's salary, it does still not represent full parity.Reproductive rights are also a contested issue with opinions divided on whether abortion should remain legal. †In a 2009 poll by CBS news, 23 percent of respondents believed abortion should be illegal versus 34 percent fully supportive of abortion without constraint, and 40 percent in favor of keeping the practice legal but with stricter controls† (Sampson). Even though women have rose in society there is always that barrier that was created long ago restricting some peopleâ₠¬â„¢s views of women’s’ freedom and power in society. Men and women also tend to handle different situations differently.Perhaps if something breaks, the woman is more apt to be calm about the situation when the man is more apt to have a complete melt down about the situation. When an argument happens and the man is wrong he backs down, when a woman is wrong she back tracks her point and somehow proves the man wrong, or so he thinks. When women are right they don’t boast or â€Å"rub it in† so to speak. When men are right they are the first ones to say â€Å"I told you so†. Are women naturally more risk-averse or less inclined to enter a competitive situation? Or are they trained to be that way?Why women and men might have different preferences or risk attitudes has been discussed but not tested by economists. Broadly speaking, those differences may be due to nurture, nature, or some combination of the two. For instance, boys are pushed to take ris ks and act competitively when participating in sports, and girls are often encouraged to remain cautious. Thus, the choices made by men could be due to the nurturing received from parents or peers. Similarly, the disinclination of women to take risks or act competitively could be the result of parental or peer pressure not to do so. Educational psychologists argue that the gendered aspect of individuals' behaviour is brought into play by the gender of others with whom they interact, and that there may be more pressure for girls to maintain their gender identity in schools where boys are present than for boys when girls are present. In a coeducational environment, girls are more explicitly confronted with adolescent subculture (such as personal attractiveness to members of the opposite sex) than they are in a single-sex environment. This may lead them to conform to society's expectations of how girls should behave to avoid social rejection. †( Booth).If competitive behaviour or risk avoidance is viewed as being a part of female gender identity, while risk-seeking is a part of male gender identity, then a coeducational school environment might lead girls to make less competitive and risky choices than boys. It is hypothesized that hypothesized that woman and men may differ in their propensity to choose a risky outcome for several reasons – innate references or because their innate preferences are modified by pressure to conform to gender-stereotypes. Single-sex environments are likely to modify students' risk-taking preferences in economically important ways.Our specific conjectures were that girls from single-sex schools are less risk averse than girls from coed schools, and that girls in same-gender groups are less risk averse than girls in coed groups. It has been conjectured that girls in same-gender environments (single-sex schooling or same-gender experimental groups) are no less risk-averse than boys. Naturally it is assumed that women are le ss risky than boys this is because the women always feels like she has to be the protector and if she is taking risks she is not able to protect the ones taking risks.

Learning Team Internal and External Factors Paper Essay

Amongst today’s societies The McDonalds Corporations is considered one of many; that has successfully in so many ways used a combination of various marketing strategies and skills to become a globally known successful origination. McDonalds a global business in most countries around the world can also face a lot of challenges and issues. The McDonalds Corporations has learned and brought about changes according to the needs of its consumers per hour and should always remain flexible to changes within the environment that deals with current customer trends, government and or legal restrictions, and the development of technology. The McDonalds Corporations technology structural and also its financial assets of the company are perfect marketing positions. McDonalds without a doubt is completely abundant with many aspects in structure, finance and of course technology. To help, identify and implement majority of these assets within the proper directions towards the improvement of the corporations would be all that is needed. The McDonalds Corporations overall is producing their main product, creating items within their own kitchen, and cooking on their own grills. This means the use of equipment, certain control devices, the regulation of temperature, the business point-of sales system, inventory process, financial and communication information are all linked into different technology that impacts the corporation. Now with public awareness of technology and cultures more people are starting to become a little more health conscious, and have access to finding out about certain quality ingredients, and knowing the lack of minerals that may have an overall negative impact on what all fast foods have done to those who consume them. Along with maximizing knowledge on internal and external factors this will have a large impact on the four major function of management within a corporation. The McDonalds Corporations has goals that are reflected in its mission statement to become for some customers a favorite place to eat. There are several internal and external factor’s McDonald’s faces in the decision they made to go Global. External f actors  for the decision to go Global include the following. 1.)The growing heath trends of consumers 2.)The ability to expand into new markets such as India and China 3.)The diversification and purchase of other fast food restaurants 4.)The global growth of the fast food industry 5.)Worldwide deregulation (Salem, Abdullah, 2009) These external factors impacted the four functions of management for McDonald’s managers, by forcing management to adjust the planning function and information to include a mission that was based on a global demand and competition. The organizing function of management with in McDonalds was also affected by the decision to go global. Management now has to organize information, people, and financial resources crossed countries and cultures to achieve one common goal. The function a leading for a management changed also. Now, styles and type of leading and motiving had to be localized and customized around the culture rather than one specialized way of doing things. Controlling or measuring achievements in with in the global industry also changed as franchisees are now faced with measuring success based on others in different markets. Internal factors also played a part in McDonald’s decision to go global and those factors have also affected the four functions of manageme nt for their managers. Some internal factors include: 1.)The desire for a strong brand name, image, and reputation 2.)A large market share 3.)The desire for a global presence 4.)A stronger financial performance and position 5.)Introduction of new products 6.)Customer focus (Salem, Abdullah, 2009) These internal factors also had an effect on the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling functions of management within McDonald’s. Competing in a Global market makes managers think, act, gather and process information on a larger scale to achieve a goal. Diversity The evolution of McDonald’s Corporation toward diversity as a business objective began in the late 1970’s, when the corporation officially  established an Affirmative Action Department, which today is known as the Diversity Initiative Department (Anonymous, 2005). Numerous factors can affect the four major functions of management; this section will focus on how diversity can affect planning, organizing, leading and controlling within the McDonalds Corporation. Diversity in the workplace is more than a person’s race or ethnic background it also includes personality, gender, education, position in the organization, etc. The major obstacle for McDonald’s management continues to be age, gender, ethnic background and education. Diversity management involves a three-stage process: (Tetteh, 2014) †¢Identification Stage †¢Implementation Stage †¢Maintenance Stage McDonald’s management must identify where the diversity mixture is and decided on the appropriate action to ensure workplace harmony and productivity. This will be accomplished through proper training and communication with all employees. Learning to effectively communicate with the various groups within each location will be very important to the success of the team within each restaurant. Implementing effective processes that ensure each diverse group is accommodated is crucial to the process. McDonalds as a corporation does a great job helping and engaging their management and employee’s to ensure proper implementation by offering education and career development seminars, various gender based seminars, second language courses etc. Maintain and improving these processes will ensure that McDonald’s stays current and relevant to the groups each manager has identified within their department. McDonald’s continually re-evaluates its initiatives to ensure they are in line with their business and current employee base. McDonalds ensures diversity is properly managed within their organization by including diversity in the business planning process. This allows the company and its managers to treat diversity as an initiative rather than a program; it’s naturally incorporated into the business plan (Anonymous, 2005). Ethics When it comes the Functions of Management, you must condsider which parts may be corrupted by ethical issues. Two areas that maybe prone to be affected  are the Leading and Organizing Funtions. In building a dynamic organization you must find a diverse group of people, with different ethical baskgrouds, to fill the different postions in it. You would also want to get them up to speed with you organizations ethical views. If you take a company like McDonald’s you can find out what they do to ensure this. Now McDonald’s is committed to conducting business ethically and in compliance with the letter and spirit of the law. This commitment is reflected in McDonald’s Values. Inherent in each value is our commitment to be ethical, truthful and dependable and this is reflected through their Standards of Business Conduct, which serves as a guide to making good decisions and conducting business ethically. Each year McDonald’s employees are required to re-certify that they have read and will abide by the standards that McDonalds has set through the Standards of Business Conduct. Employees complete regular training on the Standards, anti-bribery laws, and various other laws, regulations and company-specific policies. McDonald’s and its employees in all countries must comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (â€Å"McDonalds: Standards Of Business Conduct For Employees†, n.d.). References Salem, F., Abdullah, M., (2009) McDonalds case study. http://www.scribd.com/doc/16050821/McDonalds-Case-Study McDonalds: Standards of Business Conduct for Employees. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/investors/corporate_governance/codes_of_conduct/standards_of_business_conduct.html Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading & collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Anonymous, . (2005, November). Diversity at McDonald’s: A way of life. Nation’s Restaurant News, 1(), 92, 94-95 Tetteh, Vanessa A. (2014, January 1). Diversity in the Workplace. Research Starters, p. 1.

BIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

BIO - Essay Example Additionally, Barbara developed theories the suppression and expression of genetic information across generations. Walter Sutton greatly contributed to the theory of evolution. Sutton believed that it was possible to apply the Mendelian laws of inheritance to chromosomes at cellular level of living organisations (Lynch, Jay, and Derek 56). This led to the creation of Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory. This theory posits that chromosomes are the carriers of genetic materials. Walter Sutton, the proponent of this theory, believed that chromosomes are found in all dividing cells and are transmitted from generation to generation, thus forming the bases of inheritance. Herman Muller concentrated on the study of physiological and genetic impacts of radiation. According to Herman, radioactive fallout originating from nuclear war and nuclear testing posed a great risk the genetic make-up of living cells (Lynch, Jay, and Derek 11). Herman revealed that there was a cross correlation between radiation and lethal mutations, which were responsible for altering biological traits in populations. Corren’s primary focus was on botany and genetics. He independently discovered the principles of heredity, which contributes to evolution and natural selection. Corren restated Mendel’s results including his law of independent assortment and law of segregation. These are the fundamental laws used for understanding natural

Political and Economic Risk for Brasil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political and Economic Risk for Brasil - Essay Example In regards to economic changes they are considered extremely risky, as stated in MarketWatch.com "Brazil has been a rollercoaster for investors lately. President Luis Inacio da Silva's government is embroiled in a corruption scandal, with accusations of accepting bribes in exchange for legislative support" (Kollmeyer 2). Luiz Incio Lula da Silva was elected to the position of President in 2002. After being elected Lula changed many of his initial plans regarding retirement, tributary and labor. These changes did not go over smoothly with some members of his cabinet and caused further tension. The President believes one the main problems citizens in Brazil face is hunger and has devised a plan to disperse money to underprivileged citizens. Although this act was positive many citizens believed that this was not the most important issue that Lula could have spent money on. One of the most publicized scandals in Brazil occurred when Brazilian Labor Party member Roberto Jefferson admitted he gave bribes to promote the presidential campaign (Wikipedia). According to the BBC news, "based on a survey of 78 firms conducted in 2003, found that just over half had been asked for bribes by officials responsible for tax collection." The survey also found that more than two-thirds of the firms admitted spending up to 3% of their annual revenues on bribing officialdom, the rest spent more than that. This problem is partially because the Brazilian bureaucracy has always encouraged a flexible guideline to the rules (Plummer). Although the president's ratings did falter for a bit, they are now up again and he is projected to be able to win the upcoming election. According to the Political Risk Yearbook Lula has taken great steps to enforce social growth but at the same time will be hurt as he tries to maintain policies for foreign investment. PRY also feels that Lula has intentionally stalled some major problems like debt and that will come full circle when elections come around as other candidates will be able to highlight these weaknesses. With stalling these economic issues, it makes foreign traders weary to invest and will cause growth rates to be lower than expected. Although the trade surplus was healthy in the past years the import prices have risen and therefore caused a deflation in the export growth. This will cause a deficit over the year and by 2009 the deficit is expected to reach 3.3 billion dollars (Political Risk Yearbook 4). In addition to the many problems the president will face come election time, there is an inflation problem that is still prevalent in Brazil. In 2003 Brazil had a 13 percent inflation rate which is the fourth highest in South America (Political Risk Yearbook 8). In reaction to Lula's actions people have reacted and lashed out against their President. When the President promised to settle families on non-productive land and didn't follow through workers began to "squat" or refuse to leave the land and work to produce goods for their country. Although many of the "squatters" were non- violent they made a stand that affected the

Legal system and methods cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legal system and methods cases - Essay Example The appellant raised two issues on appeal. The first issue was that the Advocate-depute included in their indictment Count 1, which was a count for false imprisonment of one Tracy McGhee, and Count 2 was for distributing Amphetamines, in contravention of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Section 4(3)(b). The issue on appeal was that the Advocate-deputes did not lead any evidence at trial for either of these Counts, therefore they should not have been included in the indictment. The appellant asked to separate these charges from the other charges, but this request was refused. Furthermore, the Advocate-depute did not attempt to rectify this by changing the indictment to omit these counts. The trial judge acquitted the appellant on these two charges, and gave explicit instructions to the jury not to consider these two counts. However, when the trial judge gave his instructions to the jury, he asked the jury to consider if including these counts in the indictment was fair or unfair. This is not the function of the jury, rather, the judge is to make this assessment. The second issue on appeal was that a witness, Samuel Quigg, stated on the stand that he was indicted for conspiracy to commit robbery in 1988, along with the appellant, Mr. Donnell. This prejudiced the appellant, as evidence of any prior convictions cannot be used against him. Although this was not a prior conviction that was brought up by the witness, it was an indictment, the context was that he was being asked about his prior convictions, so the jury could probably assume that the witness was convicted along with appellant. This statement was volunteered by Mr. Quigg, not solicited by the Advocate-depute or the appellant’s solicitor, a fact that is significant. That there was evidence of a prior conviction before the jury was in contravention of Section 101 of Scotland’s Criminal Procedure Act 1995. The appellant asked

International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Finance - Essay Example Every five years EU citizens elect the European Parliament. Other significant EU institutions include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Council, and the European Central Bank. Thereby EU has created one market through a uniform system of regulations which apply in all member countries. As a final stage of economic integration of the EU a monetary union (an optimum currency area) was formed. The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) of 17 EU member states who have accepted the euro (â‚ ¬) as their common currency and solitary legal tender, makes the Eurozone, which is officially known as the euro area. Eurozone currently includes Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. Other EU member states are expected to fulfil the strict entry requirements to enter the Eurozone while some EU state s namely Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom has chosen to stay outside the Eurozone. European Central Bank carries the responsibility of the monetary policy of the area, whereas other zone/euro related decisions are co-operated through the euro group. Part A and B of this paper will review the case for Eurozone membership in regard of the optimum currency area theory and issues with fixed exchange rate systems respectively. Thereby finally the paper will conclude how the Eurozone membership can be attractive to new applicants. A) Optimum currency area theory in the Eurozone A geographic region which would maximize economic efficiency by the entire region sharing a single currency is known as an optimum currency area (OCA). The earliest mention of the concept was by Abba Lerner (Scitovsky, 1984); although most acknowledged development of the pertaining theory goes to Robert Mundell. Mundell argues that for perfect regional economic integration the said region must be an OCA. Thus he presented two simulations. First was an OCA with fixed expectations: the argument in brief is that uneven shocks are considered to challenge the real economy. These shocks are significant and cannot be organised. Also the international monetary policy (interest rates) cannot be modified for a specific situation of each integral region. Thus a regime with floating exchange rate is considered better than a fixed regime (Mundell, 1961). By this means the properties (Mongelli, 2008) of a successful optimal currency area are reviewed below. Mobility of factors of production including labour. High market integration inside a group of partner countries can lessen the need to modify real factor prices and the nominal exchange rate between countries in reaction to disturbances (Mundell, 1961). The belief that mobility of factors of production enhances both efficiency and welfare was confirmed by the trade theory. Such mobility is likely display its effect in the long-run. The production factors’ mobility is restricted by the speed that direct investment can be generated by one country and absorbed by another. Likewise, labour mobility which includes physical capability to travel (workers' rights, visas, etc.), lack of cultural blocks to free movement (such as different languages and

Strategies for Google Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategies for Google - Essay Example Yahoo needs to be more innovative, flexible and fast to capture in order to reatin its position in the market. Google launches products early, well before competitors go to market with the same ideas. This is the Google’s positive and aggressive approach towards market capitalization and also focusing on to explore the needs of the users before the user thinks towards it. Google has made more than 50 acquisitions since 2001 and it is quite evident that the Google knock out all its rivals in order to take the competitive advantage and opts the aggressive business strategy towards boosting its revenue. Google came up with the different idea in online advertising and google suppose to be the pioneer after the introduction of Ad Words and Ad Sense, and thus created a sensation in the field of online advertising (Baril, 2009). The innovation is the key of success.The Google’s smart innovative and smart strategies since its inception wondered Yahoo. From the perspective of searching information and answering queries, Google offers a lot to its valubale users.Recently, Google shaking hands with worlds top most universities like Harvard, Oxford and some others to digitize their libraries (Honey , 2009). The difference exists between Google and Yahoo with respect to the revenue. Yahoo generates its revenue from Yahoo mail, ads, and some other features where as Google gets almost 85% of its revenue from ads.The reason behind is the Google’s technological innovations which is the user-friendly and gains the popularity world over (Honey , 2009). Google launched SDC (Secure Data Connector) in the year 2009 its feature is to access the users to secure corporate data, even working with Google application outside the firewall. In addition, SDC also allows that secure data to be accessed from inside Google Gadgets, Google App Engine, and Google Spreadsheets (Kolakowski, 2009). In the years to come, Google plans to develop its own operating system .It is an

Marginal analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marginal analysis - Essay Example He begins by putting diversity into perspective and conceding that high levels of diversification brings earnings loser to economic profits of zero; at this point, economic equals accounting profits less the opportunity cost related to capital. In making the diversification move, Rudow explains that GU made two main investment decisions; the first one was to purchase Jin Xin Copper Company Ltd giving it 67% ownership through its partially owned subsidiary-Engen Investment (EI). The second was the purchase of an extra 8% through the same subsidiary from other shareholders; Gold Hero and Silver Harvest (Rudow, 2011). In this whole transaction, Rudow explains, marginal analysis compels compelled GU to evaluate the true cost each investments and make isolated judgments. Given the purchased company was Chinese, investments costs were absorbed in levels of business entities with independent costs that must all be considered to come up with real returns of which he carefully analyzed. He clarified in the article that the income statement alone cannot account for relevant costs since numerous capital allocations were buried in the balance sheet, and only by carrying out a marginal analysis, is GU able to clearly determine real returns in this diversification venture. Since recycled copper will from this deal be a primary source of revenue, GU is now able to mitigate problems from contacting biodiesel business segment. In this article, D Cohen looks at Welsh Health Planning Forum recognized 10 health gain areas with the help of marginal analysis. This analysis, he explains, examined the outcomes of changing the present balance of expenditure between the various healthcare programs. To achieve this, he further explains that resources are discharged from disinvestments to support chosen investment programs so that the entire strategy is resource neutral. The overall achievements in health benefits as a result of this strategy

What importance do equality and inequality have in the political Essay

What importance do equality and inequality have in the political theories of any two of the political theorists - Locke and Rousseau - Essay Example ncepts of both the theorists Locke and Rousseau and try to have a better understanding of these important concepts and how to incorporate them into society to ensure a better standard of life. According to Locke, in order to understand political power in the right sense of the word, we should first of all attempt to understand man within a natural setting. In such a natural state or condition, man possesses total freedom or liberty to act as he thinks fit. In so doing, a sense of equality is achieved because in his natural setting, all belong to the same species and everyone’s actions are mutual and reciprocal. In such a setting, no one has more power over another, since all men have the same rank and the same advantages without fear of ‘subordination or subjection.’ (Locke, 8) However, Locke draws our attention to an important point that deals with man in his natural settings. He sheds light on the liberty of man by explaining to us that even though man has full liberty to disburse his actions or possessions in any way he deems fit, yet he does not have the liberty to destroy himself. He brings to our notice, that there is a law of nature that governs the state of nature and it is this law of nature that teaches man to reason and makes him responsible for his actions even though he has the liberty to act at his will. Locke, highlights the fact that though mankind are all equal and independent, yet, no one has the right to harm himself, nor his fellow beings life, possessions, his health nor his liberty in any way because everyone was created for the use of the other. (Locke, 9) However, if a person goes against the law of nature, then a person has the right to secure the law of nature by punishing the offender and bringing peace and harmony to the communi ty of mankind. (Locke, 10) In chapter III, Locke speaks in sharp contrast about the State of War, as against the State of Nature. He rightly explains that the state of war only leads to enmity and

Analysis of the mondus operandi of a manager Essay

Analysis of the mondus operandi of a manager - Essay Example It includeÃ'• all Ã'•yÃ'•temÃ'• where groupÃ'• of people are involved to achieve a Ã'•pecific Ã'•et of goalÃ'•â€  (Weihrich-&-Kootz,-1994). To bring about theÃ'•e aimÃ'•, aÃ'• defined and created by each individual buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• to reach itÃ'• goalÃ'•, there are three main management roleÃ'• aÃ'• defined by Mintzberg, which include the InterperÃ'•onal, information roleÃ'• and the deciÃ'•ional roleÃ'•. TheÃ'•e in-turn encompaÃ'•Ã'• more Ã'•pecific dutieÃ'• which will be diÃ'•cuÃ'•Ã'•ed later. Manager CaÃ'•e-Ð…tudy:BuÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• Name – Playtec Pty LtdName – Matthew Ð…tewartAge – 29Phone No – *******PoÃ'•ition Held – General ManagerBuÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• Ð…ize – Ð…mall (approximately 20-employeeÃ'•)BuÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• DeÃ'•cription – Playtec Pty Ltd iÃ'• a manufacturer of indoor Ã'•oftplay equiptment, diÃ'•tributed nationwide and occaÃ'•ionally overÃ'•eaÃ'•. AÃ'• a General Manager of a Ã'•mall buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'•, MatthewÃ'•â€™Ã'• management roleÃ'• conÃ'•iÃ'•t of interdependent-factorÃ'• coordinated into an organiÃ'•ed ‘Ã'•yÃ'•tem’ to allow efficient allocation of reÃ'•ourceÃ'• through well-planned adminiÃ'•tration, complimenting D.A HoltÃ'• definition of "defining organizational objectiveÃ'• and then articulating Ã'•trategieÃ'•, tacticÃ'• and objectiveÃ'• that are neceÃ'•Ã'•ary to achieve theÃ'•e objectiveÃ'•." (Holt,-1987,-p.793). TheÃ'•e are divided into the three main Ã'•egmentÃ'• of reÃ'•ponÃ'•ibility, collectively known aÃ'• the Mintzberg’Ã'• Management roleÃ'•. Under InterperÃ'•onal management roleÃ'•, Matthew iÃ'• Ã'•een aÃ'• a ‘figurehead’ in playtec, Ã'•ometimeÃ'• being referred to aÃ'• the â€Å"heart’n’Ã'•oul† of the company. Although not the buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'• owner, the role of a leader iÃ'• one he haÃ'• aÃ'•Ã'•umed, taking-on the reÃ'•ponÃ'•ibility of planning and providing future growth under one’Ã'• ‘umbrella’ of reÃ'•ponÃ'•ibility for operationÃ'• and employeeÃ'•. Taking a large amount of reÃ'•ponÃ'•ibility for

Essay about recent hate crimes and statistic Essay Example for Free

Essay about recent hate crimes and statistic Essay Lifeless bodies with slashed throats were found in the mountains of Virginia nearly six years ago. This is quite a disturbing image; the unfortunate result of a hate crime. What exactly is a hate crime? The American Psychological Association defines hate crimes as violent acts against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with (1). The different groups usually involved include homosexuals, ethnic groups, and religion affiliations. Dr. Jack McDevitt, a criminologist at Northeastern University in Boston, said hate crimes are forms of messages the offender wants to send to members of certain groups letting them know they are unwelcome in that neighborhood, community, school or workplace (APA, 1). According to CNN.com, Darrell David Rice of Columbia, Maryland, was found guilty of committing the 1996 slayings of hikers Julianne Marie Williams and Laura Lollie Winans, who were the girls in the opening disturbing image. Rice is serving an 11-year sentence in federal prison in Petersburg, Virginia, for attempting to abduct and kill a female bicyclist in the same park in 1997. U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft called the killings of Williams and Winans hate crimes and said Rice could also receive the death penalty, in addition to the present sentence (Frieden, 1). Examples of hate crimes provided by Stephen Wesslers Addressing Hate Crimes: Six Initiatives include (3):  ·the dragging death of African-American James Byrd, Jr., in Jasper, Texas  ·the deadly attack on Matthew Sheppard, a gay student in Laramie, Wyoming  ·the shooting rampage targeting minority citizens in Chicago  ·the shootings of children at a Jewish community center in Los Angeles  ·the murder of Joseph Santos Ileto, a Filipino-American mail carrier A report done by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) states that 7,947 hate crime incidents were reported. In 1995, a comparison of states showed that California was at the top of the charts with 1,751 incidents reported, and Florida stood with 164 incidents (2). The total number of hate crimes only decreased by less than a hundred between 1995 and 1999. While these numbers may seem relatively small, the Southern Poverty Law Center has posted more dramatic statistics: every hour someone commits a hate crime, every day eight blacks, three whites, three gays, three Jews and one Latino become hate crime victims, and every week a cross is burned (1). In order to prevent the hate crimes from occurring, different things are being done in order to prevent and deal with the hate crimes. In schools, the Anti-Defamation League websites suggests planning ahead by doing the following (1): 1.Work with your school administration to establish a plan for responding promptly to hate incidents and hate crimes. 2.Educate school staff on how to recognize hate-motivated incidents and hate crimes. 3.Establish procedures for reporting hate-motivated incidents/crimes. 4.Establish school policies which clearly indicate that hate-motivated behavior will not be tolerated. On a wider scale, since the 1980s research on hate crimes has increased, especially from those in the fields of criminology and law enforcement. There focus is primarily on reporting the frequency of the problem and preparing criminal justice responses to it. While many hate motivated crimes go unreported, the number of reported incidents is up. However, with special training, people are prepared to deal with the situations. According to Wessler, the first professionals to respond to the scene of a hate crime are police officers. How they act in the situation will affect  the outcome of the incident. Wessler stated, law enforcement agencies have a pivotal role in responding to, investigating, prosecuting, and preventing hate crimes. Training is given to the police officers in order to carry out their role. Wessler said the training includes how to recognize and investigate potential hate crimes, have clear protocols on how to respond to hate violence, and develop innovative programs for preventing the hate crimes. Along with the professional training of police personnel, laws against hate crimes have been enforced in some states. As of 1999, there are only eleven states that do not have hate crime laws: South Carolina, Hawaii, Wyoming, New York, Kentucky, Rhode Island, New Mexico, Kansas, Arkansas, Georgia and Indiana. The anti-hate laws may not be well known but there are some out there. For example, the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act provides assistance to state and local law enforcement agencies and amend federal law to streamline the investigation and prosecution of hate crimes. This bill will change the already existing law, adding crimes against sexual orientation, gender, and disability. This law also allows authority to respond to all crimes covered by the existing law, meaning crimes based on race, color, national origin, and religion (1). The number of hate crimes is slowly being decreased and the number of laws against hate crimes is slowly being increased, but the truth is, they are still out there. It may seem impossible to eliminate all the hate crimes that are occuring, but with more research, training, and handling each situation as they arise more seriously, America is slowly on its way to eliminating the problem of hate crimes. Works Cited American Psychological Association. 1998. Anti-Defamation League. 1999. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. 1995. Frieden, Terry. 10 Apr. 2002. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. NGLTF Communications Department. 25 Sep. 2002. Southern Poverty Law Center. Wessler, Stephen. Addressing Hate Crimes: Six Initiatives That Are Enhancing the Efforts of Criminal Justice Practitioners. Feb. 2000.

A Doll’s House Essay Example for Free

A Doll’s House Essay Nora will do anything to please her authoritarian husband Torvald. Per Torvald’s instructions, Nora focuses on such womanly disciplines as dancing and taking care of babies, while he sees to all the affairs of money. But when a past financial mistake comes back to haunt Nora and Torvald finds out, the result is an explosion of fury and a shocking revelation that changes the course of the entire family forever (Garland, 1973). Nora Helmer; seems completely happy. She responds affectionately to her husband’s teasing, speaks with excitement about the extra money his new job will provide, and takes pleasure in the company of her children and friends. She does not seem to mind her doll-like existence, in which she is coddled, pampered, and patronized. Torvald Helmer; embraces the belief that a man’s role in marriage is to protect and guide his wife. He clearly enjoys the idea that Nora needs his guidance, and he interacts with her as a father would. He instructs her with trite, moralistic sayings, such as; â€Å"A home that depends on loans and debt is not beautiful because it is not free.† Torvald likes to envision himself as Nora’s savior, asking her after the party, â€Å"Do you know that I’ve often wished you were facing some terrible dangers so that I could risk life and limb, risk everything, for your sake.† Krogstad; is the antagonist in the film but he is not necessarily a villain. Though his willingness to allow Nora’s torment to continue is cruel, Krogstad is not without sympathy for her, as he says, â€Å"even money lender, hacks, well a man like me, can have a little of what you call feeling, you know.† Krogstad has reasonable motives for behaving as he does; he wants to keep his job at the bank in order to spare his children from the hardship that come with a spoiled reputation. Unlike Torvald, who seems to desire respect for petty selfish reasons, Krogstad desires it for hi s family’s sake (Garland, 1973). From a Feminist perspective, a group whose members learn socially constructed expectations based on gender roles, social class, race, age, sexual orientation, marital status, and other factors. The husband is the dominant force in the family while the wife acts like a doll in a doll’s house. The wife makes sacrifices while the husband was more concerned about his reputation. From a Symbolic Inrteractionist perspective, a group, like others, whose interactions are governed by the communication of knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, values, and roles? The husband has a false sense of masculinity, that of a super-hero. The husband belittles his wife and tells her that she will not be able to interact with the children because of her sacrifice for her family. She is physically abused and told not the leave the house. When she is right the husband gives her money to spend on the family. From a conflict perspective, a group that experiences problems due to social inequality; the family and its members must compete for limited resources that are controlled by powerful groups. Krogstad is replaced at the bank because of Torvalds’ selfish reasons, which put his family in poverty. Krogstad uses blackmail to keep his job at the bank (Benokraitis, 2011). It is the 1890s in Norway, Nora’s’ father is dying. Her husband Torvald is in need of a climate change from Norway to Italy to save his life. Torvald tells his wife they can’t afford to take a vacation. Nora goes to the bank and asks Krogstad to raise the money for her. They raise the money by Nora forging her father’s signature. Krogstad forges some documents and gets the money for Nora. Word gets out about what Krogstad does and it ruins his reputation in town so he and his family live in poverty. Meanwhile Nora and her family go on the vacation to Italy and save her husbands’ life. Torvald gets a promotion at the bank where he and Krogstad works. Word gets out that Torvald is replacing Krogstad so he visits Nora to remind her of who helped her and discovers that she has forged her father’s signature. Krogstad blackmails Nora to save his job at the bank. Nora tells Krogstad that her husband will defend her. Krogstad reminds her of Torvalds masculinity. Nora goes to her husband to save Krogstad’s job. Torvald dislikes Krogstad because he calls him by his Christian name, instead of Mr., so he puts Krogstad in his place by using his power to take away Krogstad’s job and putting his family in poverty (Garland, 1973). Torvald receives the letter with the IOU from Krogstad, and he verbally abuses Nora by calling her stupid, liar, hypocrite, and a criminal. He physically slaps her and states know I am at the mercy of an unscrupulous man. Torvald tells her that she is just like your father with no religion or morals. You have ruined everything and will not be allowed to raise our three children. Nora changes out of her costume into her street clothes. She commands Torvald to sit and listen to her. This is the first time in eight years of marriage that they have sat down to talk about anything serious. Nora tells her husband that she has never been treated as a human being. Her father treated her like a doll child, husband treats her like a doll wife and now she treats her children like doll‘s playing with them. Torvald tells her now you can be educated. Nora states I will educate myself and I have to stand on my own two feet. Torvald tells Nora you can’t leave you have duties to your husband and children. Nora states my duty is to myself as a human being. Nora asks is society right or am I right; I will have to find that out for myself (Garland, 1973). Torvald and Nora are in a conflict-habituated marriage, Social Learning Theory; Nora states that she was treated like a doll child by her father, then her father handed her over to Torvald and she conformed to the doll house that he provided for her. Nora thought that because she was Torvalds’ wife and mother of his three children that he would sacrifice for her.†Wheel Theory† of love; rapport, self-revelation, mutual dependency and personality need fulfillment (Benokraitis, 2011). This movie hit home for me you spend all those years bearing children and sacrificing for love and family and what thanks do you get. Good for Nora leaving Torvald and she left him with the children double whammy on Torvald’s masculinity. Men have a false sense of what masculinity is when he states; â€Å"no man would sacrifice his honor, not even for love.† And Nora states, â€Å"Millions of women have.† I went through the same thing with my children’s father; he would often tell me that â€Å"my reputation is the most important thing to me.† Works Cited (2011). Marriages Families Changes, Chioces, and Constraints. In N. V. Benokraitis, Theiretical Perspectives On Families (pp. 32-40). Upper Saddle River: Karen Hanson. Garland, P. (Director). (1973). A Dolls House [Motion Picture]. (2011). Marriages Families Changes, Chioces, and Constraints. In N. V. Benokraitis, Theiretical Perspectives On Families (pp. 32-40). Upper Saddle River: Karen Hanson. Garland, P. (Director). (1973). A Dolls House [Motion Picture].

British Airways Leadership Style

British Airways Leadership Style Examining Leadership style in British Airways 1. ABSTRACT This is a study which examine the leadership in British airways and also evaluates their leader i.e. Willie Walsh using the relevant theories on leadership. Also critically evaluate the leadership style that is required for the success of British Airways. Reflections on leadership styles used in our previous jobs are also provided below. 2. INTRODUCTION 2(a). LEADERSHIP Leadership has and will always be an important factor in human affairs. In todays time it has become essential for organisations to have a good leader for its success at the same time its becoming challenging to find the right type of leader for the job as mentioned in (Kotler, 1988) Leadership is an activity, that of influencing the behaviour and beliefs and feelings of other group members in an intended direction as mentioned in (wright taylor, 1984). Leadership is only a part of the managers job not the whole thing. According to (Posner Kouzes, 2002, p. 13) 5 common practices of all leaders Model the way Inspire a shared vision Challenge the process Enable others to act Encourage the heart 2(b). BRITISH AIRWAYS British Airways Plc is the UKs biggest international scheduled airlines. They not only have scheduled services but also operation of international and domestic carriage of freight and mail, and ancillary services. British Airways fly to more than 300 destinations. It was established in 1910 it was formed to preserve the records and artefacts of British Airways predecessor companies BOAC, BEA, BSAA and the pre-war Imperial Airways and British Airways Ltd. BA was the first to launch the worlds first daily international scheduled air service between London and Paris. It was a public sector company which in 1981 LordKing was appointed Chairman he was then charged by the SecretaryofStateforTrade to take all necessary steps for privatisation. (Airways) British airway has been known to have problem with its employees, being punctual , and financial losses from a very long time it had major problems in the beginning of 1980 which 2(c). WILLIE WALSH He was born on 25th of October1961 in Dublin, Ireland. In 1979, he joined Aer Lingus as a cadet. During his years as a pilot he was a chief negotiator for the union of pilots. He acquired a Masters degree in management and business administration from Trinity College, Dublin and later became a CEO of Futura in 1998 before he became a CEO of Aer Lingus 2000. Here he turned a loss making organisation into a profit making organisation within 6 months by reducing cost and selling painting and art from their office and also by cutting jobs. In 2005 he resigned from his position as the government refused to privatise the air lines. compiled from the various annual reports of the Aer Lingus Currently he is the CEO of British Airways. In May 2005 Willie Walsh became a Chief Executive Designate, after Rod Eddington as Chief Executive on 1 October 2005. He was hired as British Airways were wanting to reduce cost and make themselves into a low cost airlines. From the annual reports of the British Airways 2(d). FRAMEWORKS USED Trait Theory Michigan and Ohio University Studies Transactional, Transformation and Charismatic Leadership Situational Leadership Theory 3. LITERATURE REVIEW Globalization has made companies compete not only in the domestic but also in the global markets, and the demand for an effective leadership has become highly important. Many studies exist on the subject of leadership; this is mainly due to the fact that leaders are responsible for the main essential task in an organization such as creating, sharing and exploiting organizational knowledge, enabling an organization to grow (Bryant, 2003). There is no specific formula for being a good leader many scholars over the years have debated over the fact what makes a good leader. Earlier scholars believe that leaders were born and the skills to be a good leader cannot be achieved over the years one such theory is The Great Mans Theory other earlier theories such as Trait theory studies the various traits of a good leader and states that only people having such traits can be good leaders. Even this theory believes in leader are by birth. However the more recent theories look at the behaviour and not the traits and personality. Kouzes and Posner state that Leadership is an identifiable set of skills which are available in all men and women not just in a few charismatic and gifted people (Posner Kouzes, 2002) The following theories are used by me to analyse the leadership style of Willie Walsh in context to British Airways Trait Theory By Stogdil (Stogdil, 1974) There are various theories on traits of leaders they all have a few common qualities that are required by a good leader. This theory believes that leaders are born and the skills and traits of a good leader cannot be acquired over a period of time. Stogdil in 1974 identified and suggested the following traits and skills as critical and existent in all leaders TRAITS SKILLS Adaptability to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant i.e. having a desire to influence others Energetic Persistent Self-confident Tolerant to stress Willing to assume responsibility Clever Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organised (administrative ability) Persuasive Socially skilled Michigan Ohio Studies Michigan University had conducted various studies on leadership in the year 1950. There research showed that leaders could be broadly divided into three categories depending on their characteristics. Task oriented behaviour- Leaders would concentrate on task and not on building a relationship with their subordinates. They did not do the same tasks as their subordinates they concentrated more on activities like scheduling planning coordinating and providing the resources for their subordinates to perform their tasks. Relationship oriented behaviour- These leaders not only focused on task oriented but also gave importance to building up relations with their subordinates helping them not only in their careers but also in their personal lives thus forming a bond with their subordinates more than close control. They believe in rewarding their subordinate with both Intrinsic as well as extrinsic ways. They basically provided the goal and left it onto their subordinates to decide the path they wanted to take. Participative leadership- These leaders include their subordinates as team members in their decision making process at the same time their decision is final independent whether it matches with the decision of the subordinates. These leaders are nature good team leaders. Such leaders are more facilitative than directive while solving problems. These leaders are more effective for teams rather than individuals. Transactional, Transformation and Charismatic leadership Transactional leaders believe that people can be motivated either by reward or punishment. They create clear structures as to the requirement of what is expected from the subordinates and what would get them rewards or punishments. the subordinate is fully responsible for the work given to him no matter what ever the circumstance that caused the failure. According to Bass a transactional leader comprised of contingent reward (CRW), active management by exception (MBEA), and passive management by exception (MBEP). (Bass M. B., 1985) Transformational leaders are leaders have a vision of transformation that excites and converts potential followers. These leaders may or may not be aware of the way that leads to fulfilment of the vision. Such a leader comprises of idealized influence (II), individualized consideration (IC), intellectual stimulation (IS), and inspirational motivation (IM). (Bass M. B., 1985). Charismatic leadership are leaders who attract followers using their personality, charm rather than using any form of external power or authority. These leaders while interacting with a person make the person feel extremely important. They spend a lot of time learning their environment Bass mentions that a transformational leader also will emphasize on higher motive development, and arouse followers motivation by means of creating and representing an inspiring vision of the future (Bass B. M., 1997) Situational Leadership Theory- The main school of thought of this theory is that there is no one way of leadership style. It states that a leader who uses different leadership styles dependant on the situation he is in (Hersey Blanchard, 1988). This theory has been proposed by Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey. This model allows you to analyse the various needs of the situation a leader may find himself in and suggest the most appropriate leadership style for the situation. source (Hersey Blanchard, 1988) As seen above this theory divides leadership styles into the following categories Directing (S1)- This leaders is a high directive and a low supportive behaviour orientated Coaching (S2)- This leader is high Directive as well as high Supportive behaviour oriented Supporting (S3)- This leader is a high Supportive and low Directive behaviour orientated Delegating (S4)- This leader is low Supportive as well as low Directive behaviour orientated (Huczynsky Buchanan, 2007) For this model to be successful it is extremely important that the leader should accurately judge the confidence and motivation of his followers. From all the above theories we see that there is no one best way to predict a successful leader. All the above theories have different ways of looking at leaders. The best way to examine whether a person is a good leader or not is to study him is comparing him to various theories on leadership. 4. EXAMINING BRITISH AIRWAYS LEADERSHIP STYLE The main reason for British Airways to select Willie Walsh as their CEO was because at that time British Airways was facing stiff competition from low cost airlines. His success as a leader in Aer Lingus an Irish flight carrier which was almost on its way to bankruptcy and then Willie Walsh stepped in not only turning the carrier into a profit making carrier but also one of the most successful carrier of Ireland. During the analysis I found Willie Walsh to have the following characteristic from the various articles written on him. Intimidating- as his peers were afraid to raise question about T5 at Heathrow before it was inaugurated. Peers are not involved in decisions- He was found to seclude himself and his colleagues found it difficult to approach him (Michaels, 2006). He is very strong minded and confident He does what he believes to be correct with or without any fan following (Walsh, 2009) Hugely energetic, Hard worker and a workaholic he has not taken a vacation for the past 3 years (Walsh, 2009) His work is only professional no emotions- This is the main reason as to his success at turning flight carriers profitable as he does this by cutting cost by job cuts. Tuff leader who rules with an iron fist- his peers at Aerlingus use to call him Slasher Walsh. Confrontational- He is always involved in the meeting with the union and management. Now he sits on the managements side but earlier he use to sit on the unions side. He is ruthless in his decision- He fired 2 of the oldest managers of British Airways over the terminal 5 fiasco (Milmo, 2008). He believes in leading by being a role model- He and Keith Williams, finance director of BA worked unpaid and requested the staff also to consider unpaid leave or working part time (Travel Weekly(UK), 2009) Linking Willie Walshs leadership style to Trait Theory From the above table we observe that Willie Walsh has most of the traits and skills that are required by a successful leader Linking Willie Walshs leadership style to Michigan and Ohio University studies Michigan Ohio University studies classify Willie Walsh as a leader with Task oriented behaviour. This is seen as he does not maintain any relationship he is only is interested in work if he feels someone is redundant or not doing his work efficiently he fires them. (Nexis,UK, 2005). He also expects his employees to get the work given to them whether or not they have the resources and capability to do the work given to them. Linking Willie Walshs leadership style to Transactional, Transformation and Charismatic Leadership Willie Walsh follows a transactional style of leadership. As he is task oriented and does not believe in building relations. He believes that the salary given to employee is a reward for their work and in case they dont do their work properly they should be punished. Thus motivation for doing the job is either reward or to avoid punishment. He is not supportive to them in their work or personal lives as a transformational leader would be nor does he have the qualities of a charismatic leader as people do not follow him by choice but by compulsion. He also does not take out time to know his subordinates and what would motivate them. Linking Willie Walshs leadership style to situational leadership Willie Walsh can be placed in the S1 quadrant as he has a high directive and a low supportive oriented behaviour. However the theory states that a leader should be flexible and should change his style from time to time depending on the situation however the data collected on Willie Walsh does not show any signs of flexibility and he follows the same leadership style. Thus we can say that according to this theory Willie Walsh is not a good leader. Evaluation Reflection Critical Conclusion Bibliography Bibliography Airways, b. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 22, 2009, from www.ba.co.uk Bass, B. M. (1997). Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist , 52, 130-139. Bass, M. B. (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, . New York: Free Press. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H. (1988). Management of Organisational Behaviour: Utilising Human Resources. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Huczynsky, A. A., Buchanan, D. A. (2007). Organisational Behaviour (6 ed.). Pioltello: Rotolito Lombanda SPA. Kotler, J. P. (1988). The Leadership Factor. Free press . Michaels, D. (2006, October 2). British Airs New Challenges; Walsh Must Tackle Rising Pension Deficit, Transition at Heathrow. Walstreet Jornal , p. B.12. Milmo, D. (2008, April 16). Youre fired: T5 fiasco proves terminal for BA bosses as Walsh takes personal charge. The Guardian. Nexis,UK. (2005, December 23). British Airways Walsh step up BA turnaround. Travel Trade Gazette UK Ireland , p. 12. Posner, Kouzes. (2002). leadership the challange. san fransisco: jossey bass. Stogdil, R. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of literature. New York: Free Press . Travel Weekly(UK). (2009). BA bosses to work without pay in July. Travel Weekly(UK) , 7. Walsh, W. (2009, August 27). I Didnt Set out to be a CEO. (T. Independant, Interviewer) wright, p. l., taylor, s. d. (1984). improving leadership performance: a practical approach to leadership. london: prentice-hall international Inc. Bryant S. E. (2003), The role of Transformational and Transactional Leadership in Creating, Sharing and Exploiting Organizational Knowledge, Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 9 (4), pp. 32-44

Diabetes Essay -- Disease, Health, Medical, Nursing

Diabetes Diabetes is a killer; in fact, it is among the top ten killers of adults in the United States. "It can lead to, or contribute to, a number of other serious diseases" (Sizer and Whitney 112). Diabetes means "syphon" or "to run through" (Sizer and Whitney 112) therefore denoting the increase in urinary volume excreted by people suffering from this disease. Mellitus means "sweet". Diabetes mellitus means increased excretion of sugars being released with the urine, creating a sweet smell at the time of elimination. The patient with this type of disease has a problem with his insulin production or usage. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland, that helps to digest the sugars and use them for energy, and must be given through an injection into the arms or legs; if this is not done the gastrointestinal enzymes in a person's stomach will digest the hormone. A diabetic does not produce adequate insulin or cannot use his own. Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease. This is a h eterogeneous syndrome for which several theories of etiology (explanation of the cause of the disease) have been proposed (WebMd Health). Diabetes is a life-threatening disease, but it is not a death sentence. With proper maintenance of insulin, exercise, and diet, diabetes can be controlled. Advances in medicine will create a larger variety of treatment options and help remove the stigma, as well as fears, associated with diabetes. The signs and symptoms of diabetes are divided into early, secondary, and late signs. Some of the early signs include polyuria (excessive urination) and thirst; another sign can also be a sweet smell from urine. This odor is due to the loss of water through promoting cellular dehydration. Polyuria is the result of large amounts of glucose, ketone bodies, and protein being excreted by the kidney; an osmotic effect of sugar attracts water and promotes diuresis. The secondary signs include nausea and vomiting, dry mucous membranes with cracked lips, hot flushed skin, abdominal pain and or rigidity, acetone odor of the breath, soft eyeballs because of dehydration, and kidney disease. Other signs include impaired vision or blindness resulting from cataracts and damaged retinas, nerve damage, skin damage, and strokes and heart attacks. The root cause of all of these symptoms is probably the same (Sizer and Whitney 113). Late symptoms includ... ...diseases. Signs and symptoms also vary; they are broken down into early, secondary, and late. Complications also fluctuate depending on the lifestyle and control that the patient has over his insulin. First signs are not good to have and most are, overlooked by the patient. Treatments can range from simple injections to the use of more complicated machinery. Diabetes does not choose a specific race, age, or gender, but any person is at risk. Depending on the diabetic's lifestyle and habits in everyday life, longevity and normal living will triumph. Works Cited American Diabetes Association. 10 March 2005. Apgar, Ellen. Telephone interview. 09 March 2005. Boone, Ria. Personal interview. 14 March 2005. Cordy, Eric. Telephone interview. 2 March 2005. Luckmann Joan, and Karen Creason Sorensen. Medical-Surgical Nursing: A Psychological Approach. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1980. Sizer, Frances, and Eleanor Whitney. Nutrition Concepts and Controversies. Eighth edition. Australia: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2000. WebMd Health. 2003. WebMd Corporation. 22 Jan. 2005 . International Diabetes Federation. What is Treatment for Diabetes? 20 Jan. 2004. .

The Omega Directive :: essays research papers

I was on my way into the ‘office’ and I saw the secretary; â€Å"Hey Cheryl.† â€Å"Hey Martin. Here, isn’t it the big day today?† she asked â€Å"Yep, she’s finally coming online.† I replied, with a bit of an excited tone in my voice â€Å"Christ! What is it with men always having to call things ‘she’?† Her voice had something of a viscous snap to it. â€Å"Hey, don’t blame me dear. I just work here don’t I?† She giggled. I like it when she giggles. It’s got a sweetness to it that, for some reason, most other women lacked. I smiled at her. â€Å"So†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..are you, going to let me in? Or shall I just stand all day looking at you, which I wouldn’t actually mind doing?† I heard a buzz and then a click at the door. â€Å"I’ll take that as a ‘yes’ then, shall I? Or are you just messing with my head?† â€Å"Go on, in, now! Or do I have to smack your rear end to get you in there?† She said. â€Å"Well, come on over here and try it baby!† I said to her with one great big cheesy grin on my face. â€Å"Oh you dirty man, you!† She said, sarcastically. We always were saying stuff like that in our own little way. It was†¦different. I’d never been like this with anyone else. It was always just us two. Then there would be a great booming voice from inside the ‘office’. â€Å"BRYSON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! GET YOUR SCRAWNY ASS IN HERE, NOW!!!!!!!!!!† â€Å"Oh dear, General Solomon’s calling.† I said with some remorse. â€Å"Don’t you mean ‘great wind-bag of Alcatraz’?† She said. I laughed. That’s the nickname I’d given him when I had started at the Pentagon. He was supposedly an ex guard over on Alcatraz prison island†¦. supposedly. I crossed the threshold into a huge room. Dimly lit, only the centre table was illuminated. I could see the General’s face. â€Å"I told you not to be late. I watched you out there flirting with Cheryl, it’s not on. I’ve told you before to leave my daughter alone!† Everyone turned and looked at me. I couldn’t help but say:- â€Å"Who, me?† I got a warm laugh from everyone in the room. Except of course from Mr. Stern faced – lover’s father – who – hates – me. His emotionless face and piercing stare were enough to make anyone cower for fear of their lives. He always looked like he was going to attack you or something.

Rap Music Essay example -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine an inner city kid having grown u in an environment where real life street violence is a way of life. His body, having survived personal experiences of violence, endured barely life sustained conditions, and many sleepless nights caused by the constant yet unpredictable call of death. His mind doubtful over where his next meal will come from, lost in search of some higher guidance, struggling through a world, not of innocent childish fantasies, but trapped in a forced reality. His only outlet is the loud blaring music coddling his already pent-up rage, an escape from these harsh realities, seducing him to a life of violence. In him is created a â€Å"me against the world† mentality that is manifested in the rap and hip-hop music that dominates his culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among the most common subjects of rap and hip-hop is violence and misogyny. They emphasize these two as inevitable regularities of the life lived in the streets. Their music reflects this fact by promoting violence and misogyny, which poses adverse influences on not only children and teenagers in the ghettos and urban cities but also other people affected by them. Violence and misogyny is a very serious problem that the American people have to face in today’s society. It is rapidly growing and is more frequent in major cities and suburbs. Most random acts of violence are surprisingly committed in the streets by young teenagers and even young children, most of which are influenced by their favorite rap or hip-hop artists. The subject of violence and misogyny found in rap and hip-hop music promotes violent crimes in city streets as well as influencing our innocent youth to commit random acts of violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most common acts of violence committed are armed shootings and rape, many of which are commonly committed by teens and young children from urban cities living with poor family values. According o Senator Dole, â€Å"†¦ The loss of family values is caused by the moral corruption of popular culture, and therefore we should hold rap artists, Hollywood moguls, and record executives responsible for our moral chaos.† (Maker) Poor family values and influences from rap and hip-hop music may also tend to lead the young teen or child to commit acts of violence such as armed shooting and rape. â€Å"Our kids have adapted the gangs... ...an image that all women are just looking for sex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you though that song lyrics are bad, the song titles are just as worse. Most song titles are very extreme and have deeper meanings to it. For example Dr.Dre’s hit son â€Å"Let Me Ride,: has two connotations: the first refers to sexual encounter and the second refers to the sexual act of intercourse. Snoop Doggy Dog’s album â€Å"Doggystyle† refers to the sexual act of having sex through the â€Å"rear entry† position. Finally, K7’s â€Å"Come Baby Come,† incorporates a â€Å"catchy† chorus line saying â€Å"I come baby come, baby baby, come come†¦ if ya gotta give me loving then you’ve gottta give me some†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (qtd in Sexton 64) which basically refers to the sexual act.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is surprising that music can have such an impact on American society today. The truth is that rap and hip-hop music not only affects teenagers and children that commit violence, but also affects those victims who suffer from the violent acts, Violence and Misogyny is a very serious problem that Americans face today and in order to create peace in our city streets, we must set guidelines to what our children should or should not hear.

Philips vs Panasonic: Facing the 2008 Economic Crisis Essay

1. Introduction Panasonic and Philips are two of the main consumer electronics companies in the world with different origins but similar international path. Several hurdles were faced by both companies in their evolution. This paper will analysis how the administrative heritage of Philips and Panasonic caused problem in the changing of their strategy, causing problem in the implementation of the respective strategic decisions. Moreover it tries to explain how time contingences and the external environment had influenced the strategy of the two MNEs and shape the organizational structure; sometimes leading to success, sometimes losing ground in the market field. Nowadays the main tasks of the two companies are conflictual : for Panasonic defending its leadership position, for Philips challenging the global leader. How to reach these goals? The last paragraph will address these objectives providing to the CEOs of the respective companies further steps to consider in order to remain com petitive in the market field, from 2008 looking forward. 2. How the environment and culture shape companies’ strategy and organization 2.1 Philips evolution: from responsive to integrated Philips’s strategy, right after WWII, led the company to its success. The economic situation during the 30s, forced the company to transfer part of its assets and laboratories abroad. This led to a dispersion of responsibilities. Countries protectionism, high tariffs and trade barriers required local production facilities. These problems led to the adoption of a decentralized federation with independent and self sufficient units and autonomous marketing. The contingent environment spurred the management to rebuild their structures upon National Operations (NOs). Philips built its success on a worldwide portfolio of responsive national organizations. Economic conditions, tastes and preferences, at that time, differed across countries; corporate management treated subsidiaries as independent national businesses with the aim to satisfy local needs. National Organizations were so vigil that they manage to preempt products required by customers, launching products such as the first color TV, the first stereo TV and the first TV with teletext. Innovation and R&D were the core strength of the company. They were flexible, responsive and fast in the approach to market. Entrepreneurial initiatives derived, not from top down imposition, but from every single division. The company succeeded in managing its innovation and to bring it to the next level, making innovation and customer’s needs the purpose of their business. The focus on national responsiveness was appropriate since the 50-60s, when it started to become the firm’s limitation. The great focus given to tailor solution to costumers’ tastes increased the cost of production and led to a dispersion of subsidiaries across too many countries. Problems of efficiencies and coordination arose. The company took several years to get rid of its matrix structure. Attempts to shift the companies to a slimmer organization in order to become more efficient in its production were slow and cumbersome. The National Operations continued to detain major responsibilities. The company was captive of its past. Contrarily to management prevision, the matrix structure created more problems that it solved. It was more complex than either the â€Å"worldwide area structure† or â€Å"the worldwide product structure†, and it created conflicts of responsibilities. Market signals warned the company to implement changes in the way business was conducted. However, in the 1990s, the company was, still, going through major losses. The structure was too costly and value added higher, compared to Japanese production facilities. Even if a good objective were settled in the strategic planning, however, as history showed, the further step of re-organization failed due to difficulties encountered in rebuilding the organization. It was not a zero-base reconfiguration. For more than 35 years, from 1971 onwards, different CEOs tried to take action in order to reduce the power of NO and create an agile and simple divisional organization that could create efficiencies, however trying not to neglects their sources of innovation: respond to country specific markets. 2.2 Matsushita evolution: from integration to responsiveness Matsushita point of departure instead was complete different from the one undertaken by Philips. Matsushita employed a divisional structure with a strong centralized decision making. The adoption of the divisional organization was well-thought due to the large and highly differentiated product range manufactured by the companies, aimed to different target clients. This allowed the company to reduce the organizational complexity and reducing transaction costs within the company. Matsushita exploited the favorable characteristic of the post war era, such as a convergence of tastes across borders and the â€Å"uncontrollable† globalization. In the 60s, the firm managed to expand its product range. It created self-funded research laboratories to develop new product solution. At the time, Matsushita detained a strong distribution channel directly owned by the company with more than 25.000 domestic retail store. However, when the demand in the domestic marketed slowed down, what was a competitive advantage domestically was not replicable abroad. The company made a lot of effort in expanding its international presence, without being demoralized. However as times passed by, the highly centralized control structure, create problems in their offshore operations. By the 1980s, the company, mainly concentrated on global integration instead of localization, decided to re-tailored its strategy . Decentralization of responsibilities was more than a necessity. Matsushita’s strategy was too focused on global efficiencies neglecting innovation, and learning and flexibility. R&D was vital in this industry. Actions of several CEO tried to address these issues, changing the company’s strategy from copycat to promoter of invention. However, as Philips encountered problem in its â€Å"transformation†, so did Mastushita. The firm had difficulties in promoting self initiatives among different divisions. The former centralized hub organizational structure was still present in the employees’ mentality. The initiatives, such as the introduction of local managers with stronger responsibilities in key positions and locations, did not give the expected outcome in the short run. It took several years and a lot of effort to see some res ults. Again the company was captive of its past. Today, Mitsushita’s configuration is mainly built around 3 main divisions: Digital networks, Home appliance and Components; reduced from the 36 product divisions used in the 1980s. The simplification was clear and so its advantages. The reaction of such a structure led the company to be more flexible to local need, reduce costs of duplication and achieve economies of scope. The products developed within each division were highly linked. However the company was not safe from competition. With the crisis’ approaching, the economical situation of the company does not remain untouched. What else is left to do? 2 Core issues today in the consumer electronic industry The current economic situation differs drastically from the one encountered in 10 or 20 years ago. Phenomena like globalization have given companies such as Philips and Panasonic the chance to provide their product to an extensive market, raising however new challenges. The global economic recession has created new needs. Consumers are more price sensitive and less willing to pay high prices for low quality products. Companies need to be aware of their cost structure and be ready to take respond to rapid technological changes and changing consumer preferences with timely and cost-effective introductions of new products in markets that are highly competitive in terms of both price and technology. The access to low factor cost, such as low labor force in emerging country as become crucial. Moreover, developing markets, such as India and China, are not only location where firms can manufacture products at lower costs, but also new opportunities where companies can market their own produ cts. In the consumer electronic industry, competition has become extremely high and innovation, now more than ever has become crucial as new source of revenues. 3. Recommendation for Philips: Exploit contingencies of the time you are in The 2008 situation of Philips is not flourishing. In 2008, the company scored a net loss of â‚ ¬260 million. This was probably due to the financial crisis that affected the company drastically. However, company’s loss can not only be attributed to external factors. The company has made some mistakes, in the recent years, and should take action and correct its own strategy, remembering it origins. Coherence with past is crucial to tailor an effective strategy that could lead to innovative solutions for the future. That’s why Philips should continue to develop consumer-centric solutions. Research laboratories should remain independent but linked across one another. Philips should tackle the recession without sacrificing its long term strategic ambition: â€Å"Improving people live through meaningful innovation†1. That why now, more than ever, the company should be able to forecast marke t trends. Philips should continue more efficiently to re-allocate resources to growth opportunities and emerging markets. To do so it should transfer part of its qualified personnel to target markets, such as from India and China, building a strong teams of both local and expatriates managers and engineers. The combination of foreign and local figures could help the firm to continue the strategy of local responsiveness. To do so, it is necessary to include in the company agenda selective mergers and acquisitions. M&A, however, should not be out of focus. Philips has reduced its current division to 3 main domains: healthcare, lighting and customers lifestyle. My recommendation would be to stay true to these three core segments, acquiring key strategic companies in foreign markets. How to finance these new objectives? Disinvestments in peripheral activities and less profitable plans are still needed in order to obtain liquidity to reinvest in developing countries. This tactic would not repay within short term but long term profits would offset the high level of investments. Moreover leveraging of local subsidiaries in emerging markets can a springboard, to target back developed markets selling low cost products. 4. Recommendation for Mastushita: defending worldwide dominance The economic situation of Panasonic is different from the once faced by Philips. Panasonic is the world’s leading plasma maker in the industry and has to defend its worldwide dominance. Matsushita has based its competitive advantage ion low cost production. However, particular during financial crisis period, several other initiatives are to be implemented. First the company has to reduce its cost structure in order to face the deep decrease in demand in order to continue to make profits. Panasonic its already leader in this activities, however, there are always margins of improvements. To achieve cost reduction, it has to downsize its workforce. The firm should prioritized certain businesses over less profitable ones. Moreover adopt a lean management in order to reduce at the minimum the wastes in the value chain. Secondly it should restructure its organization to make it as clear and simple as possible in order to avoid cost duplication, slow process and cost of bureaucracy. In addition, The shift of demand and the focus on emerging market, in particular Asian markets, should be the highest priority. The market signaled opportunities in untapped market. The firm should be upfront in order to gain advantages over competition. These is a necessity to shut down plants in Japan and oversea and transfer workforce and capital to new sites. This initiative can also overcome exchange currency risk. Also distribution channels in these countries should be enhanced. However, the company should not forget its heritage: leverage on efficiency. The company should achieve a â€Å"transnational strategy†; incrementing its local responsiveness and innovation and learning, at the same time. Even during times of recession in essential to continue to invest in R&D, with the objective to grow faster than competitors when the market recovers. The main revenues for the companies come from distinct technologies. Local responsiveness could be achieved through the delegation of, even more, profit responsibilities to the three main divisions. This could enhance the company performance and to keep it on the podium. 6. Conclusions The structural variety is function of the environmental characteristics, Organization has to adapt to the external environment. Both companies has gone through several changes in their evolution. Environmental factors pushed companies to rethink their strategy and consequently their organizational structures. In some cases the difficulties encountered in the transition, for instance from an highly integrated company to more responsive, was slow and cumbersome. Both companies has been proved to be reluctant to change. . It is true that the set of strategies a firm is limited by the decisions the company has made in the past, however, these limitation should not be considered as insurmountable. Change can occur and rapidly. Philips and Panasonic lacked the ambition to design solution at 360 °. Firms should learn from their past and continue to leverage on their own competitive advantages, building on existing infrastructure. Do not be captive of your own past, but use your past experience to create a strong advantage, compensating your deficiencies. 5

Angela’s Ashes: a Memoir

Lankford 1 Michelle Lankford Angelas Ashes A record 10/06/2012 Antagonists in Angelas Ashes Philomena Flynn was Angelas cousin. Philomena was one of the people who pressured Malachy McCourt older to espouse Angela Sheehan by and by their mishap when Angela first came to the arrive together States resulting in a pregnancy break of wedlock. Instead of Philomena helping her cousin she introduce drop Malachy to generate the pregnancy Malachys problem. Philomena tracked down Malachy McCourt at a stop. Philomena stated to Frank McCourt, Our cousin no sooner gets polish off the boat than you be at her.We bring morals in Limerick, you know, morals. Were not like jackrabbits from Antrim, a place crawling with Presbyterians, (McCourt 16). Philomena also commented on how Malachy had an odd manner (McCourt 16). After the expect of Angela and Malachys first son, a party was minded(p) at Philomenas house. Philomena do a statement to Angela, Id make sure theres no more children. He get int digest a job, so he dont, an never go out the way he drinks. So no more children, (McCourt 19). Philomena had her fill with her cousin after Angela gave birth to another child.Philomena and her family do it clear, they cute no intimacy to do with Angela until she came to her senses, (McCourt 19). Years afterward Philomena intervenes in Angelas life again. Philomena gets in contact with Angelas mother, Marg atomic number 18t Sheehan, asking for money to send Angela and her family back to Ireland (McCourt 45). Philomena even goes as ut some as buying a steamer trunk and hiring a forefront to take the family to Lankford 2 the pier (McCourt 46). As Francis McCourt states, It was good-bye and good riddance, (McCourt 46).Angela McCourt, mother of the 7 McCourt children, en equald her husband Malachy McCourt senior to be a drunk. No where end-to-end this memoir does she sick her foot down, encouraging Malachy older to part drinking. Throughout the memoir, Angela ra nts and raves about Malchy older , not providing viands and money for his family. Angela states legion(predicate) clock though out the business relationship, Theyre asleep(p) to bed half hungry because you control to fill your belly with whiskey, (McCourt 25). Angela goes as far as taking her children down the streets of Brooklyn and Limerick, loss from pub to pub seeking her husband.When the family returns to Ireland, Angela spends more cadence in bed collect to illness and or own first gear oer the loss of 3 of her children quite of taking attending of the ones who are alive. Angela takes to her oldest children down a road in chase of ember to light a squirt (McCourt 69) instead of demanding Malachy Sr. find remunerative role. Angela allows her eldest son, Francis McCourt to be the one who departs the care to his younger siblings. When Malachy McCourt Sr. , goes apart to England to work, Angela shacks up with one of her cousins, Laman Griffin, and has an extram arital affair eyepatch her children are in another room.The children mind them talking, grunting and moaning, (McCourt 291). Angela also has no problem allowing her eldest son to find gainful employment to help embolden the household art object Malachy McCourt Sr. is in England sending no money. Angela receives welfare and charity most of the score instead of finding employment herself to support her family. Angela spent most of her time fixating on her losses rather than trying to phase out keeping her family together. Lankford 3 Malachy McCourt Sr. , from Toome, County Antrim (McCourt 12) was an Irish drunk. Malachy Sr. pent most of his years in a bar or pub spending whatsoever money he earned. Even after he married Angela and had seven children, he couldnt put out the alcohol. The eldest child, Francis, knew his breed was always out looking for work, came kinsperson with smell of whiskey on his breath, and sing songs about Ireland suffering,(McCourt 22). Angela always has hopes that Malachy Sr. could resist the pub and bring home his give birth to support his family (McCourt 95). There comes a time in the story when the McCourts have their last child and Malachys Sr. s male parent sends five pounds. Malachy Sr. cashes the money order and spends the money at the pub, (McCourt 183). Even though Malachy Sr. is a chronic alcoholic his children and Angela love him. It is stated by Francis McCourt, I think my father is like the Holy Trinity with third people in him, the one in the morning with the paper, the one at shadow with the stories and prayers, and then the one who does the bad thing and comes home with the smell of whiskey and urgencys us to die for Ireland, (McCourt 210). Malachy Sr. , has a ambitious time finding working in Limerick, Ireland because he as a northern Irish accent.Northern Irish people arent accepted in Limerick due to their non-catholic holiness and affiliation with the English. Malachy Sr. eventually leaves his family and heads to England for work. Malachy Sr. seldom sends his pay, causing his family to have to knock from charities. It was said by Mr. Downes, Malachy McCourt is gone clear mad with the drink, that he squanders his wages in pubs all over the Coventry, (McCourt 230). Towards the end of the novel, Francis McCourt makes the statement, Hes not coming, Mam. He doesnt care about us. Hes just a drunk over there in England, (McCourt 269). Malachy Sr. s many years of frequenting the pub have caused his family to starve, move to one room shacks, and to intrust on others to help support his family. Lankford 4 The McCourt family belonged to low social class. They were poor. They lived in want. The McCourt family was rejected on many things because of their social class. Angela McCourt was more or less denied assistance from St. Vincent De Paul Society because they are Yankees and theres barely teeming charity for the poor people of Limerick, (McCourt 63). Francis McCourt is denied exis tence an altar boy, as Angela states, Ill regularise you what it is, she says. Tis class distinction. They dont want boys from the lanes on the altar, (McCourt 149). The McCourt boys are constantly made fun of because of the rags they wear for clothes, shoes that have holes in them fixed with rubber tires by Malachy Sr. McCourt (McCourt 105) and even as far as having to eat a atomic number 29s head for Christmas and carrying it through the lanes dapple other kids point and laugh and make jokes (McCourt 98). Poverty is the biggest antagonist in this memoir. The McCourts lived in one-room shacks that contained a fireplace, table, 3 chairs and 1 bed which had to accommodate six people. McCourt 59). around of the McCourts meals consisted of tea and bread (McCourt 24) spot Malachy McCourt spent his earnings in a pub. The McCourts were so poor that they change the infants bottles with sugar and urine (McCourt 36). While in the get together States, many of the McCourts neighbors wo uld bring extra food over to support the McCourt household (McCourt 41). In Ireland, Malachy McCourt Sr. goes to the Labour Exchange for the dole to provide some type of income for his family (McCourt 63). Angela McCourt comeback to go to St. Vincent de Paul to get assistance.Angela is given a docket for a weeks worth(predicate) of groceries (McCourt 66). The McCourts have to search down roads in order to find coal to have a fire and rut (McCourt 69). In one of the dwellings the McCourts watch at, they must share a toilet with the whole lane (McCourt 103). Angela McCourt is ashamed of how her family looks with the Lankford 5 dirty old torn shirts, raggedy ganseys, humble shoes, and holes in their stockings, (McCourt 231). Angela McCourt is forced also to be a beggar, as stated by Francis McCourt, This is worse than the dole, The St.Vincent de Paul Society, and the Dispensary. Its the surpass kind of Shame, (McCourt 250). Many times throughout the memoir Francis McCourt hims elf has stolen food such as stealing bananas from the Italians in Brooklyn (McCourt 32), stealing tip and chips from a drunken man (McCourt 184), getting lemonade from pubs for his mother (McCourt 236), and stealing food off peoples front doors (McCourt 238) to provide food for his family while his father is away in England not supporting his family. The poverty the McCourts faced caused illnesses and deaths in this family.It caused hospitalizations for Angela and Francis. This family was advance starvation most of Francis McCourts childhood to jejune years. Francis McCourt is what held the family together. Francis McCourts life began in the joined States and in the end of this memoir he ended up back in the U. S. Francis McCourt had many struggles while growing up. Francis had to dish out with poverty, deaths of his younger siblings as well as friends, typhoid and conjunctivitis, his alcoholic father, religion and its hypocrisy.Francis knowing that the only he was going to ge t anywhere was to be a inviolable worker and he waited year after year until he was finally able to work at 14 yrs old. The story told by Francis McCourt and his upbringing shows that if you work punishing enough to achieve your dreams you will action them regardless of what obstacles or mountains you have to climb. appear what Mr. Francis McCourt had to endure to make his dreams come true. He had a dream to return to the United States A dream that he effectuate at last. Lankford 6 Works Cited McCourt, Frank. Angelas Ashes. 1st ed. New York Simon & Schuster, 1996. 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