Definition and Examples of Grawlixes in Comics

The term grawlix refers to the series of typographical symbols (such as #$%!) used in cartoons and comic strips to represent swear words. Plural: grawlixes.   Also known as jarns,  nittles, and obscenicons, grawlixes usually appear in maledicta balloons alongside the comic characters who are uttering the oaths. The term grawlix was introduced by American comic artist Mort Walker (creator of Beetle Bailey) in the article Lets Get Down to Grawlixes (1964) and revisited in his book The Lexicon of Comicana (1980). Examples and Observations Mort Walker It started out as a joke for the National Cartoonists Society magazine. I spoofed the tricks cartoonists use, like dust clouds when characters are running or lightbulbs over their heads when they get an idea. My son Brian thought I should expand the idea and make a book of it. I spent many hours at the museum going over old cartoons and recording their language. I created pseudoscientific names for each cartoon clichà ©, like the sweat marks cartoon characters radiate. I called them plewds, after the god of rain, Joe Pluvius. I considered it a humor book. When it came out, I looked for it in the humor section of a bookstore and finally found it in Art Instruction. I inquired and they said, Whats funny about it? I said, The names. They said, We didnt know what those things were called. I said, They werent called anything till I called them that. It was another case of satire falling flat. I gave up and am selling it now as an instruction book.–Mort Walkers Private Scrapbook. A ndrews McMeel, 2000 Bill Schmalz The symbols that work best [for grawlixes]  are those that fill up space: , #, $, %, and .  Hyphens, plus signs, asterisks, and carets (^) leave too much white space within the body of the  grawlix  for it to look like a single word. Wiktionary recommends #$% as the standard grawlix. This uses the five beefiest symbols in the order they appear on an American keyboard. (If you curse with a British accent, try # £%.)... Because it represents words spoken in anger or excitement, the  grawlix  should always end with an exclamation mark,  even if its an interrogative grawlix:  #$%?! Finally, as a word of caution, you should reserve your use of grawlixes for emails to close friends. Grawlixes are highly inappropriate for professional writing.–The Architects Guide to Writing: For Design and Construction Professionals.  Images, 2014 Shirrel Rhoades Cartoonist Mort Drucker [sic] invented an entire lexicon to describe such symbols.Emanata are lines drawn around the head to indicate shock or surprise. Grawlixes are those typographical symbols that stand for profanities. Agitrons are wiggly lines around a character to indicate shaking. Plewds are sweat drops that convey worry. Squeans are tiny starbursts or circles that represent intoxication or dizziness. Solrads are lines that radiate from a light bulb or the sun to indicate luminosity. And so on. A language all its own.–Comic Books: How the Industry Works. Peter Lang, 2008 Alexander Humez, Nicholas Humez, and Rob Flynn ï » ¿Other symbols reveal the mental or physical state of a character, such as squeans (the centerless asterisk-like burst marks in the air around the head of a drunk), spurls (the corkscrew line above a character who is passing out), crottles (the crosses on the eyes of someone out cold), or plewds (the teardrop-shaped indicators of sweat and/or stress)--these last classified by Mort Walker, creator of the long-running Beetle Bailey comic strip, as a subcategory of what he calls emanata, along with the waftarom (the doubled curved line emanating from savory food) and the solrads and indotherms (wavy lines indicating that the sun or other object is radiating heat... ).–Short Cuts: A Guide to Oaths, Ring Tones, Ransom Notes, Famous Last Words, Other Forms of Minimalist Communication. Oxford Univ. Press, 2010

The Representation Of The Corporate Social Decisions And...

4.2 Legitimacy Theory The corporates were suggested by Hogner (1982) to legitimize their corporate social decisions and activities. In 1983, Lindblom stated a framework about legitimacy theory to explain why companies should disclosure the social information and environment information. Many social studies relied on this framework to claim the theoretical structure. The legitimacy theory was born to strengthen objective of the corporate management to react to the expectations of the community members (Tilt,1994). In 1995, Suchman combine the framework stated by Lindblom and the literatures resources, and issued a framework about legitimacy theory to provide the roles about the mandatory companies should disclosure the environment†¦show more content†¦The disclosure environment information perspective of legitimacy theory is based on the consciousness, which about the corporate environmental activities in the views of the stakeholders, of the management. However, the studies, which about discoveri ng what this consciousness is indeed, are rare less. Additionally, there are rare attempt to find how this consciousness impact the corporate operation. On the other hand, the legitimacy theory only has been developed in a macro level, but not developed in the micro level. Though the legitimacy theory is the mean to explain the disclosure of corporate environment information, this theory did not considered what specific type of environment information should be involved in the annual report(O Donovan, 2000). 5. DEVELOPMENT OF CSR IN THE WORLDWIDE 5.1 The 19th century In the late 19th century, after the wold experienced the industrial revolution, large amount of managers believed and performance the Darwinism social philosophy, this philosophy believed the nature would select the general regulations and principles and the fittest company would survival in the society (Barnett, 2007). This philosophy are usually be considered as a brutal philosophy, because of this philosophy encourage the company competition but do not encourage the company to concern the employees, environment, or the whole society. In UK, on the early Victorian era, there already

Airline Demand Forecast Free Essays

string(50) " an elastic driver for airline demand generation\." STIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY ENAR TUNC, Orhan sIvrIkaya* Okan UNIVERSITY Title: ESTIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY Orhan Sivrikaya*(Candidate Phd. ), OKAN UNIVERSITY Tel: 0-532-4265392 Fax: [0-212-4652299] Email: osivrikaya@live. com Enar Tunc, Professor of Industrial Engineering, OKAN UNIVERSITY Keywords * Domestic Air Transportation, City Pair, Origin and Destination, Demand, Forecast, Gravity Model, Multivariate Regression and Detour Factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Airline Demand Forecast or any similar topic only for you Order Now Total Page: 11 Abstract Accuracy in estimating airline market demand is a key element while an airline is planning its short term or long term business plan regardless of its status quo being an incumbent or startup company. Turkish domestic market of air travel industry has been dramatically grown in recent years especially after the deregulation commencing on the renewal of air transportation policy in 2003. However there is not any relevant scientific research in the literature to analyze the determining factors on air travel demand of domestic city pairs in Turkey. A multivariate regression model is generated in order to fit the air travel demand in number of passengers carried. The model is based on aggregate individual market which consists of on-line city pairs. The model is found significantly representative within the experimental data out of the years 2008 and 2009 including the origin and destination pairs for 40 on-line cities. Then, the model is tested by using 2010 figures in order to compare prediction values with actual figures. Accuracy level is found to be encouraging for potential new airports or potential new routes to be evaluated by using the model estimates. . Introduction The deregulation of air transportation market in Turkey in 2003 has started revolutionary changes in the airline industry. New government having the target to increase the portion of air travel out of all modes of local transportation attempted to encourage more airline companies to enter the market and enable them to offer more attractive prices by tax cut ting specific to the airline sector. Price oriented competition has worked very well to generate significant airline passenger traffic. Low Cost Carriers have contributed to exercise a sustainable two digit growth by stealing passenger traffic from bus transportation as a result of shortening the gap between relative prices. Turkish Airlines as a legacy carrier has responded to structural changes in the market by applying dynamic pricing policy and growth strategy to benefit from economies of scale resulting in increase in productivity. Big changes in airline passenger traffic in Turkey create a challenge to testify any claiming model built to estimate air travel demand. Macroeconomic or demographic changes do not seem to be responsible for whole boost in air travel demand. Competition doubled or tripled available seat capacity on some routes so that it was required a different strategy to generate additional demand to achieve in satisfactory load factor which is a key performance indicator for airline profitability. Airline traffic is most of the time considered as a significant indicator for the performance of the nation’s entire industry since it is highly correlated with the number of business events and interactions with other industries simultaneously. So, it implies that changes in economies may influence airlines traffic indirectly. However, airline specific parameters like ticket price and degrees of competition are also supposed to be main driver for passenger demand besides the macroeconomic factors. The sustainable success of any organization or company is closely related with how well management or decision makers are able to foresee the future and develop appropriate strategies. The objective of this study is to examine the demand size for air transport in Turkey and show its implications for air transport planning. 2. BACKGROUND It has been seen throughout the results of the previous research in the iterature that one of the most important issue to develop a predictive model is to choose the right combination of the variables which represent the determining factors involved in the model. These variables are categorized by two subgroups (Carson et al. 2010): 1. Geo-economics Factors: which consist of geographical characteristics, economical activities, social factor etc. 2. Service Related Factors: which a re related to airline dependent factors. The other prominent aspect of model generation is the level of forecast which can be classified by two groups as well; 1. Microscopic Model: Airport specific or city pair specific data is involved such that it refers the total number of incoming and outgoing passengers per particular airport or per city pair. 2. Macroscopic Model: Region or country specific data is involved such that it refers to aggregated number of passengers in a region or country regardless of origin or destination city. Aggregate Individual Market (AIM) forecast outperforms the aggregate approach since the forecasting power gained by exploiting heterogeneous information across markets dominates the forecasting power lost due to estimation of many coefficients (Carson et al. 2010). Local area information appears to be more relevant in determining local Oamp;D travel than of national information such as gross domestic product (Bhadra 2003). ————————————————- 3. OVERVIEW OF THE determ? nants for air passenger demand ? n turkey Turkey is spread over a wide geographical area and road ways are not adequately constructed for all direction. Hence, air transportation is supposed to have more shares out of total statistics in domestic transportation covering all possible city pairs. While the gap between relative prices is being shortened, more and more people find it affordable to fly. This study is aiming to find out the determining factors which are concerned to turn potential demand into air travel passengers. The proposed model is not only to explain actual traffic results but also to estimate potential traffic between cross cities which are not connected directly or to evaluate off-line cities to build new airport. Population, gross domestic product per capita and employment rate are considered as the leading macroeconomic dynamics behind air travel demand as depicted in the Table 1. Average fare has a stimulating effect on airline demand as Brons et al. 2002) pointed out that ticket price is an elastic driver for airline demand generation. You read "Airline Demand Forecast" in category "Papers" There are also specific indicators for a particular city pair traffic representing interactivity between the concerning cities such as distance and number of migrants from each other. The number of bus registered in a city is indicating the volume of bus transportation which is considered to be negatively related with air travel demand. Since number of carriers as a degree of competition contributes to market expansion, it is also embedded in the model expecting a positive relation with air travel demand. Table 1 Commonality in Types of Variables Variable’s Name| Percentage of Occurrence*| GDP| 50. 0 %| GDP per Capita| 35. 7 %| Unemployment Rate| 14. 3 %| Fuel Price| 7. 1 %| Number of Employees| 7. 1 %| Population| 42. 8 %| Average Fare| 57. 1 %| CPI| 14. 3 %| Trade per Capita| 14. 3 %| Exchange Rate| 14. 3 %| Service Frequency| 28. 6 %| Distance| 42. 8 %| Expenditures| 7. 1 %| * The percentages are calculated out of a sample of 14 different relevant articles. Most of the itineraries between city pairs are not directly connected that means air passengers travel with connecting flights via one or more transfer points. If there is no direct service the dummy variable transit gets 1 and 0 otherwise. Naturally, passengers would not prefer to fly with connecting flights so it is anticipated to be negatively affecting air travel demand. 4. ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATION data, Methodology and results Data availability is main issue when data coverage is decided. Experimental model is based on the data of the two years 2008 and 2009 since all explanatory variables are available within the specified period. There are 40 on-line destinations in domestic network in Turkey. This number of destinations can theoretically generate 1560 different origin and destinations (Oamp;D’s) on which direct or connecting flights are possible. However experimental sample does not cover data for all possible on-line Oamp;D’s because some city pairs which are at close distance are not meaningful to fly with connecting flights or the concerning flights are not connected each other. There are 231 city pairs which are served with direct flights, whereas the remaining city pairs are found to be flown by connecting flights via an appropriate domestic hub. Under the assumption of approximately the same number of Oamp;D’s for each year, data size will be duplicated for the two year’s period. Airport statistics for all scheduled carriers are used in the experimental model as a source of the dependent variable. Transfer traffic is removed from the statistics for each city pair, since the proposed model is to estimate pure Oamp;D passenger by using data specific to the corresponding city pairs. Average prices for each city pair are estimated by using airlines’ web site. Road distance between the cities is taken from the web site of the General Directorate Highways of Turkey. Population of the cities, GDP per capita of the cities, the number of migrants between the cities, the number of bus registered in the city’s account and labour rate of the cities are obtained from the Bureau of Statistics in Turkey. Weighted average of the corresponding city’s population is used, while GDP per capita and the labour rate are being converted to Oamp;D level. A variety of different models exist for passenger volume estimation. Since no single model guarantees accuracy, airlines in fact compare forecasts from several different models. Within this set of forecasting methods, the most demand models used are of the simple gravity type formulation. (S. C. Wirasinghe et al. 1998). The gravity model for the estimation of domestic passenger volume between city-pairs is examined in this study. By excluding unavailable service-related or market specific input variables, and using cross-sectional calibration data, the model is particularly applicable to city-pairs where no air service exists, historical data is unavailable, or factors describing the current service level of air transportation are not available. Average price for city-pairs with no air service is estimated by fall back mechanism that it uses the average price which is normalized by distance of the cities having similar market structure. All other explanatory variables are not service related factors and available for the city-pairs with no air service. The gravity model takes the form: D=?. AaBbCc†¦ This model assumes that the marginal effects of each variable on demand are not constant but depend on both the value of the variable and the values of all other variables in the demand function (Aderamo 2010). In other words, the explanatory variables affect demand in multiplicative manner. Partial derivation of any independent variable proves aforementioned relationship. However, this model can be made suitable for multiple regressions by applying logarithmic transformation. Logarithmic form of the gravity model takes the form: LogD=? 0 + ? 1LogA + ? 2LogB + ? 3LogC +†¦ where ? 0=Log? It is obvious that interdependency is resolved in this form so that multiple regression model can be applied. The proposed multiple regression model is generated by using SAS Jmp 9 tool. Table 2 shows the matrix of correlation between the independent variables. The results show that some of the variables are interrelated. For example, Log_Migrant has a correlation coefficient of 0. 8661 and 0. 8150 with Log_Pop* and Log_Bus* respectively. Where both Log_Migrant* and Log_Pop* are calculated by taking the product of population of origin and destination cities. However, omitting any of these two variables would substantially reduce the model fit. As the goal is to obtain a reliable estimation of the passenger volume, all interrelated variables were included (Grosche et al. 007). Furthermore, it has been said that if the sole purpose of regression analysis is prediction or forecasting, then multicollinearity is not a serious problem because the higher R2, the better prediction(R. C. Geary, 1963). In order to verify stepwise regression fit of the model, stepwise process by backward direction and minimum AICc selection is used. When all independent variables as depicted in Table 2 are entered, the smallest AICc value 2665. 913 is found. Adjusted R2 as shown in the Table 3 is 0. 823991 which is fairly good. In the Table 4, adjusted R2’s are compared including the relevant articles in the reference list. This comparison table shows that the studied model efficiency is relatively successful. As shown in the table 5, the F test also shows that the regression is significant since F statistic of 497. 2411 is obviously higher than the critical value of 2. 32 at 0. 01 level of significance. In the table 6, parameter estimates are depicted. As seen in the table, all independent variables are significant at 0. 01 level of two tail significance considering their t-statistics. Since the coefficients of the regression model represent elasticities of the corresponding variables, how change of any variable affects demand estimation can be determined. The price elasticity of passenger demand is approximately -1. 1 which implies that airline passenger demand in Turkey is elastic. This finding is compliant with the fact that after low cost carriers entered into the market by lowering ticket prices, market size has been tramendously enlarged. Domestic passenger traffic grows higher than the decreasing rate of ticket price. Both GDP per capita and ticket price seem to have elastic impact on passenger demand estimation. Air transportation and bus transportation seem to be competing each other because of their negative relation. When air service is provided by connecting flight which means transit traffic, air transport demand is decreasing. This result is not surprising because people do prefer to fly directly. Another result is that the number of airlines participating in each Oamp;D market tends to have a positive impact on the number of passengers traveled between Oamp;D pairs, perhaps representing the ffects of choice more than anything else. Lastly, distance and the number of migrants are found positively related with air transport demand as expected. Table 4 Model Efficiency Benchmark| Research Name| Level of Forecast| Author| Year| Independent Variables| Observation| Adjusted R Square| Demand For Air Transport In Nigeria| Aggregate| Adekunle J. Aderamo| 2010| Index of AgricultureIndex of Electrici tyGDP| 23| 0. 923| Air Travel Domestic Demand Model in Bangladesh| Aggregate| Md. Jobair Bin Alam Dewan Masud KArim| 1998| PopulationGDPDistance| 31| 0. 8| An Econometric Analysis of Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia| Aggregate| Seraj Y. Abed Abdullah O. Ba-FailSajjad M. Jasimuddin| 2001| PopulationTotal Expenditures| 25| 0. 959| Regression Model for Passenger Demand: A case study of Cairo Airport| Aggregate| Dr. Khaled A. Abbas| 2003| Population GDPForeign Tourist| 88| 0. 82| Demand for Airravel In USA| Oamp;D| Dipasis Bhadra| 2003| Density, Interaction, Distance, Marketshare, Fare| 2424| 0. 57| An Aggregate Demand Model in Hub-and-Spoke| Aggregate| Wenbin WeiMark Hansen| 2006| Frequency, Number of Spokes, Fare, Distance, Capacity, Traffic Type| 897| 0. 92| Gravity Model for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation| City-pairs| Tobias GroscheFranz RothlaufArmin Heinzl| 2007| DistancePopulationCatchment Area| 956| 0. 761| The number of migrants indicates the relationship between city-pai rs hence it positively affects on point to point air traffic demand. When distance is greater, air transport demand increases due to the fact that people get higher utility comparing to the alternative modes of transportation. In the figure 1, model fit of the experimental data is shown in scatter diagram. There are total 955 observations within experimental data. A test data is obtained from 2010 actual results which consists of 562 observations. The model predicts 2010 figures with a Mape (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value 14. 1 %. Actual data of 2010 is refined by excluding the Oamp;D’s having less than 104 yearly passengers flow and detour factors smaller than 3. Logic of this filtering is to choose meaningful connections out of the all itineraries. Although the model is performing significantly well with a relatively high Rsquare value, small discrepancy in prediction value may result in larger inaccuracy in passenger demand estimate because of logarithmic aspect of the regression. . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the proposed econometric estimation and using micro data based on local area information can result in substantial insights to Oamp;D travel. The demand model reveals all the quantitative relationships among the used variables, which is helpful for airlines to understand the consequence of change of their dec ision variables or adjustment of their routing structures, and also useful for the related authority to quantify the benefits of airport capacity expansion and to take into account while airport building plan is being evaluated. It would be advantageous to extend the time period covered by the analysis. This would enable to examine possible differences in elasticity amongst city-pairs. Extending the data back in time would also provide observations of airfares progress. The model efficiency may be improved for even more reliable estimation, if more independent variables indicating bilateral relations between city-pairs are embedded in the model such as the number of call between city-pairs or credit card statistics of domestic visitors. References S. C. Wirasinghe and A. S. Kumarage, An Aggregate Demand Model for Intercity Passenger Travel in Sri Lanka. Transportation 25: 77-98, 1998. R. C. Geary, Some Results about Relations between Stochastic Variables: A Discussion Document, Review of International Statistical Institute, Vol. 31, pp. 163-181, 1963. Richard T. Carson, Tolga Cenesizoglu and Roger Parker. Aggregate Demand for USA Commercial Air Travel. Department of Economics, University of California. 2010. Elton Fernandes and Ricardo Rodrigues Pacheco. Air Transportation Analysis: Passenger Demand in Brazil. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 33. Adakunle J. Aderamo. Demand for Air Transport in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, 1 (1): 23-31 (2010). Md. Jobair Bin Alem and Dewan Masud Karim. Air Travel Demand Model For Domestic Air Transportation in Bangladesh. Journal of Civil Engineering The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh Vol. CE 26, No. 1, 1998. Seraj Y. Abed, Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Sajjad M. Jasimuddin. An Econometric Analysis of International Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transport Management 7 (2001) 143-148. Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Seraj Y. Abed. The Determinants of Domestic Air Travel Demand in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transportation World Wide Vol. 5, No. 2 – 2000. Abdullah Omer Ba-Fail. Applying Data Mining Techniques To Forecast Number of Airline Passengers In Saudi Arabia (Domestic and International Travels). Aviation Institute, University of Nabraska at Omaha, 2004. Senanu Ashiabor, Hojong Baik and Antonio Trani. Logit Models For Forecasting Nationwide Intercity Travel Demand in the USA. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2007, Washington, D. C. , pp. 1-12 2007. J. Scott Armstrong and Michael C. Grohman. A Comparative Study of Methods for Long-Range Market Forecasting. Management Science, 19 (2), pp. 211-221 1972. Khaled A. Abbas. Conceptual and Regression Models for Passenger Demand Prediction. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 26 2003. Dipasis Bhadra. Demand for Air Travel in the United States: Bottom-up Econometric Estimation and Implications for Forecasts by Origin and Destination Pairs. Journal of Air Transportation Vol. 8, No. 2 – 2003. Radosav B. Jovanovic. Generalised Intrinsic Characteristics as a Forecasting Tool: A dynamic perpective. Second International Conference on Research in Air Transportation – Belgrade, June 24–28 2006. Martijn Brons, Eric Pels, Peter Nijkamp and Piet Rietveld. Price Elasticities of Demand for Passenger Air Travel. Journal of Air Transport Management 8 pp. 65-175 2002. Dail Umamil Asri and Yoriyasu Sugie. Simultaneous Demand Model for Passenger Travel. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 4, October, 2003. Joyce Dargay and Mark Hanly. The Determinants of the Demand for International Air Travel to and from UK. ESRC Transport Studies Unit, Centre for Transport Studies, University College London, November 2001. Catherine Zhukovskaya. Use of the Generalized Linear Model in Forecasting the Air Passengers’ Conveyances from EU Countries. Computer Modelling and Technologies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 62–72, 2007. Wenbin Wei and Mark Hansen. An Aggregate Demand Model for Air Passenger Traffic in the Hub and Spoke Network. Transportation Research Part A 40 pp. 841–851, 2006. Matthew G. Karlaftis. Demand Forecasting in Regional Airports. Straer 7 pp. 100-111, Tr. 312, 2008. Tobias Grosche, Franz Rothlauf and Armin Heinzl. Gravity Models for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation. Journal of Air Transport Management 13 pp. 175-183, 2007. Chaug-Ing Hsu and Su-Miao Liu. Predicting City-Pair Air Passenger Traffic Using Grey Topological Forecasting Model. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, October, 2003. How to cite Airline Demand Forecast, Papers

Social Policy Jackson vs.Timberlake

Question Discuss about thrSocial Policyfor Jackson vs. Timberlake. Answer: Introduction This paper discusses a thorough examination of the article by Holland (2009), which presents arguments for the controversial case of Justin Timberlake and Janet Jackson. Justin Randall Timberlake is an American actor, singer, songwriter and a record producer at the States. Timberlake is one of the most popular stars in America and has won numerous awards for his work. Janet Jackson is an American songwriter, singer, actress and a dancer. The Super Bowl is the highest level of professional American football that is held annually. The event is huge and there are over 110 million viewers watching the event (Cogan 2014). The event organizes halftime ceremonies in which the celebrities perform for entertainment. Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake have performed in Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 (Adams 2016). There was an incident in which a piece of Jacksons top was removed by Timberlake exposing her right breast nipple. The main essence of this essay revolves around Janet as a Jezebel, who is an immoral woman to seduce Timberlake for economic gain (Holland 2009). This essay describes the history or details of the event. Further, the arguments and opinions of various people regarding the wardrobe malfunction are discussed. The essay expresses the manner in which the media presented the issue. The different attitude of the people that was formed due to this incident is also determined. On February 1, 2004, the incident when Janet Jackson was performing on stage in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII, the co-star Justin Timberlake accidentally exposed a part of Jacksons right breast (Holland 2009). The incident is also known as Nipplegate. As the incident was accidental, it was also called a wardrobe malfunction. While Justin was performing on the song Rock Your Body, he reached to the end of the song which had its lyrics as "I'm gonna have you naked by the end of this song" (Holland 2009). He pulled a part of Jacksons leather costume which revealed her right breast. Her nipple was found covered with a piece of jewellery for even less than one second. The CBS, television broadcasting company cut the Reliant Stadium, venue for the event to an aerial view. However, before that could happen, the picture was already sent to the television which had approximately 143 million viewers (Holland 2009). The incident led to several controversies about it being a publicity stunt. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) levied a penalty of US$ 550,000 against the CBS (Holland 2009). It was reported that approximately 200,000 viewers complained and 540,000 people filed complaints with the FCC (Holland 2009). The Chairman of FCC, Michael Powell called the nip slip as a crass and classless stunt promising to take action (Hutchinson 2016). According to Holland (2009), the mythology of Jezebel is discussed regarding black female sexuality. The author discusses about Jezebel as a site of otherness in which the black women in America do not experience ethnic or gender identities. Jezebel is used to symbolize a woman who is evil, shrewd, seductive and scheming. The article argues about the Jezebel image giving meaning to white male privilege. The author goes back in time and discusses the origin and mythology of Jezebel who were identified as African women that are exotic and sexually insatiable breeders (Holland 2009). It is argued that the Jezebel image justifies white men exploiting the African women sexually and also the ones who use their sexuality who tempt or seduce white men. Historically, the African women were stripped naked in public forums and were made to parade nude in public during slave auctions. It is further argued that due to the construct of race and gender, Jezebels cannot be raped. It is evaluated tha t the Jezebel image reproduces and mirrors the dominant power structures by categorizing the sexuality of African-American women as animalistic and dangerous (Kreps 2014). Further, the author argues Jezebel as a contemporary icon. The Jezebel image can be restructured as a symbol of empowerment. The author argues that the updated popular culture of the Jezebel image in the contemporary times is presented as an illusion of the women being slightly overweight with excessive makeup, wearing dark lipstick and being slightly overweight (Holland 2009). They are also symbolized as the women with heightened sexual desire, deviant sexuality and availability. The representations of the back women in hip-hop were deteriorating as they were objectified as sexual objects. It is argued that the African-American women entertainers attempted to openly resist or refuse the objectification of the bodies as a site of empowerment. The author states that some women such as Lil Kim experienced success in subverting the Jezebel image (Mail Online 2016). The above conceptions and theories are implied by the author in the case of Jackson vs. Timberlake. The scandal rose to various controversies among the legal advocates, television producers, policymakers, and other regulatory bodies who publicly televised the representations of sexuality as well as nudity (Holland 2009). Jackson, who was clothed in a provocative leather costume performed on Rhythm Nation. This song was followed by Timberlakes performance with the new hit Rock Your Body (Murphy 2016). In the beginning of the performance the stage was surrounded by female dancers. The performers, Jackson and Timberlake danced seductively as Timberlake was singing. The two of them played an exotic game where cat chases mouse on stage (where Timberlake followed Jackson). Reaching to the end, Timberlake reached across Jacksons body ripping her leather which exposed her right breast (Holland 2009). The event was identified as an unfortunate wardrobe malfunction. However, the audience argue d of the act being planned. There were numerous public discussions at both national and international levels (Reid 2016). The media referred to the incident as the boob seen round the world and Nipplegate. Several newspapers interpreted Jacksons highly sexualized persona as a sign of her innate deviance, thereby absolving Timberlake from his responsibility and protecting his white maleness (Holland 2009). Many media channels constructed the news in favour of Timberlake and that this act was a scheme used by Jackson for boosting her own career by seducing Timberlake. The writers for The Seattle Times and The Houston Chronicle wrote about the incident as a condemnation of Jacksons exposed breast (Holland 2009). Moreover, a writer for The Washington Post stated that after Janet Jacksons breast exposure on Super Bowls halftime show shall have no musical concert in the opening game for the year 2005 (Holland 2009). The media defenders of Jackson described the act as a sexual violence. Roxane Roberts, one of the writers at The Washington Post depicted the incident and shifted the blame to Jacksons body as a s pontaneous exposure (Holland 2009). One of the reporters stated that Jackson flashed one of her breasts for the audience watching her on television while performing at the Super Bowl halftime show (Holland 2009). The other reporters for Columbus Dispatch, The New York Times and Daily News reported the incident as Janet Jacksons breast-baring fiasco (Holland 2009). Additionally, Tony Kornheiser, the sports writer at The Washington Post commented at the incident as the act by Janet Jackson being bizarre. Pittsburgh- Post Gazette narrated the incident as the offending breast (Holland 2009). At The Boston Globe, Bob Ryan reported the incident as Timberlake reaching over the infamous breast. He further stated that the infamous right breast may have committed the offense. Clearly, all the remarks made by the media channels and their reporters were represented as the uncontrollable Black female body. It is interpreted that these depictions of Jackson who is not able to control her body, white men must surely take control of it. Moreover, James Lileks in The Star Tribune commented that the dress worn by Jackson is a formal wear for zombie morticians. He referred to Janet as SM chic who came to expect from the male artist Justin Timberlake, who was dressed as a sort of modern male (Holland 2009). It was observed that not many articles or news reporters commented on Timberlakes costume but Janets costume was referred as leather bustier. Therefore, Janets costume was represented as a symbol of uncontrollability and sexual aggressiveness, which is the same as predictable behaviour of a Jezebel (Holland 2009). Another theme is related to the publicity stunt of breast-baring. The media reported that it was a promotional strategy for Jackson for Timberlake to rip off her leather covering as a strategy to boost her upcoming and future album sales. The media also called the stunt as excessively public display for her new album Damita Jo (Holland 2009). The writer of Pittsburgh-Post Gazette reported that Jackson manipulated the halftime occasion for knowing sex, own enrichment and selling controversy that would help her make millions. Another journalist Kevin Cowherd stated that all the fans of Jackson expect salacious behaviour from Janet such as pelvic grinding, cleavage display and outfits from SM catalogue. Jim Farber said that this student would elevate her music career. Another remark was made by Sharon Fink of St. Petersburg Times that Janet was smiling by hiding her head facing the camera (Holland 2009). The comments marked by the media are significant for multiple reasons. The attention that has been generated by Janet Jackson can be termed manipulative. The media stated that the incident was not a simple wardrobe malfunction, but a means to elevate Jacksons own career. It is argued that he media fails to discuss Justins potential motives for the participation in the sexual act as he was a part of the event. The media channels detracted attention from Timberlakes behaviour and performance of hypersexual white masculinity. It is argued that African- American womens lasciviousness is used as an excuse to justify the white mens violence and authority (Holland 2009). It was reported that both Jackson and Timberlake apologized for allowing their dance performance or routine to go too far. Jackson stated that Timberlake and she had choreographed the song together (Strecke 2015). However, one-third of the newspaper articles stated that Timberlake denied his involvement in the orchestration of the song. The writers for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution and The Boston Globe stated that Timberlake apologized for the incident and further said it as totally regrettable and unintentional (Holland 2009). However, other articles in Daily News and Columbus Dispatch stated that Timberlake was not totally innocent and Janet was ready with her lacy red garment under her outfit. It is interpreted that Timberlakes involvement in the case was at minimal and it was only Jackson who used Justin as a pawn to make her career. Timberlake claimed that Janet blind-sided him with her breast-baring incident (Holland 2009). Due to the controversies and media reports, the people would straight away blame Janet for using her sexuality for economic gain. Justin Timberlake fan following supported him while he claimed that he had nothing to do with the incident as it was totally unintentional. He also regretted it. As Janet was portrayed as the bad one in the case, she was uninvited by CBS at Grammys. However, Justin was not just invited but he also performed on the show as the incident did not appear to be sticking to him. When Janets eighth album, Damita Jo was released, the first-week copies were sold enough. However, the singles received minimum airplay. It is interpreted that the incident had a negative effect on the audience due to which her work was blacklisted. After the Super Bowl performance, she was blacklisted and her music was kept off VH1, MTV and other radio stations under Viacom. The album was her lowest selling. Soon, she disappeared from the pop music scene for seven years (Holland 2009). The incident also led to outrage among parents as they thought it must not have happened. Their children were watching the show and they would be scarred by seeing her exposed breast. Timberlake was still presenting the revisionist history of the event to ESPN Magazine. Jackson had to bear the brunt of the accusation and according to the audience; she would not have been fit for the event. Timberlake apologized at the Grammys but the audience laughed on his ridiculous apology. Some people also called it Americas unfair treatment of treating a black woman and giving power to white males (Holland 2009). Precisely, Timberlake was posing as a victim in the scenario and Janet was deemed to be the culprit. The public reprimanded Janet for exposing her body and excusing Justins role in the event. The news media also justified Timberlakes behaviour by stating that Janet must have asked for it. All the arguments created a Jezebel paradox regarding the agency and subjectivity of African-American women. Janet being represented as a sexual opportunist and not a victim of aggression clearly indicates that Jacksons image was ruined in front of the audience. Her fan following also turned against her because of the incident. Her agency and subjectivity was reduced to a sexualized bodily container (Caudill and Mixon 2013). Therefore, through this essay it is interpreted that the ability of an African- American woman to subvert patriarchal image depends upon their ability to control situations. It is complicated to control the Jezebel image as it is associated with image subversion. The media coverage in the newspapers and television reflect the contemporary appropriation of the Jezebel. The Super Bowl is the highest level of professional American football that is held annually. There was an incident in which a piece of Jacksons top was removed by Timberlake exposing her right breast nipple in Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004. While Justin was performing on the song Rock Your Body, he reached to the end of the song which had its lyrics as "I'm gonna have you naked by the end of this song". The article argues about the Jezebel image giving meaning to white male privilege. The author goes back in time and discusses the origin and mythology of Jezebel who were identified as African women that are exotic and sexu ally insatiable breeders. The representations of the back women in hip-hop were deteriorating as they were objectified as sexual objects. They played an erotic game of cat and mouse on stage where Timberlake followed Jackson. Reaching to the end, Timberlake reached across Jacksons body ripping her leather which exposed her right breast. The media defenders of Jackson described the act as a sexual violence. Roxane Roberts, one of the writers at The Washington Post depicted the incident and shifted the blame to Jacksons body as a spontaneous exposure. It is interpreted that these depictions of Jackson who is not able to control her body, white men must surely take control of it. Therefore, Janets costume was represented as a symbol of uncontrollability and sexual aggressiveness, which is the same as predictable behaviour of a Jezebel. Timberlake apologized at the Grammys but the audience laughed on his ridiculous apology. Some people also called it Americas unfair treatment of treating a black woman and giving power to white males. The media channels detracted attention from Timberlakes behaviour and performance of hypersexual white masculinity. References Adams, C., 2016.Justin Timberlake sorry for tweet about Jesse Williams' BET Awards speech. [online] Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. 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