Airline Demand Forecast Free Essays

string(50) " an elastic driver for airline demand generation\." STIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY ENAR TUNC, Orhan sIvrIkaya* Okan UNIVERSITY Title: ESTIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY Orhan Sivrikaya*(Candidate Phd. ), OKAN UNIVERSITY Tel: 0-532-4265392 Fax: [0-212-4652299] Email: osivrikaya@live. com Enar Tunc, Professor of Industrial Engineering, OKAN UNIVERSITY Keywords * Domestic Air Transportation, City Pair, Origin and Destination, Demand, Forecast, Gravity Model, Multivariate Regression and Detour Factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Airline Demand Forecast or any similar topic only for you Order Now Total Page: 11 Abstract Accuracy in estimating airline market demand is a key element while an airline is planning its short term or long term business plan regardless of its status quo being an incumbent or startup company. Turkish domestic market of air travel industry has been dramatically grown in recent years especially after the deregulation commencing on the renewal of air transportation policy in 2003. However there is not any relevant scientific research in the literature to analyze the determining factors on air travel demand of domestic city pairs in Turkey. A multivariate regression model is generated in order to fit the air travel demand in number of passengers carried. The model is based on aggregate individual market which consists of on-line city pairs. The model is found significantly representative within the experimental data out of the years 2008 and 2009 including the origin and destination pairs for 40 on-line cities. Then, the model is tested by using 2010 figures in order to compare prediction values with actual figures. Accuracy level is found to be encouraging for potential new airports or potential new routes to be evaluated by using the model estimates. . Introduction The deregulation of air transportation market in Turkey in 2003 has started revolutionary changes in the airline industry. New government having the target to increase the portion of air travel out of all modes of local transportation attempted to encourage more airline companies to enter the market and enable them to offer more attractive prices by tax cut ting specific to the airline sector. Price oriented competition has worked very well to generate significant airline passenger traffic. Low Cost Carriers have contributed to exercise a sustainable two digit growth by stealing passenger traffic from bus transportation as a result of shortening the gap between relative prices. Turkish Airlines as a legacy carrier has responded to structural changes in the market by applying dynamic pricing policy and growth strategy to benefit from economies of scale resulting in increase in productivity. Big changes in airline passenger traffic in Turkey create a challenge to testify any claiming model built to estimate air travel demand. Macroeconomic or demographic changes do not seem to be responsible for whole boost in air travel demand. Competition doubled or tripled available seat capacity on some routes so that it was required a different strategy to generate additional demand to achieve in satisfactory load factor which is a key performance indicator for airline profitability. Airline traffic is most of the time considered as a significant indicator for the performance of the nation’s entire industry since it is highly correlated with the number of business events and interactions with other industries simultaneously. So, it implies that changes in economies may influence airlines traffic indirectly. However, airline specific parameters like ticket price and degrees of competition are also supposed to be main driver for passenger demand besides the macroeconomic factors. The sustainable success of any organization or company is closely related with how well management or decision makers are able to foresee the future and develop appropriate strategies. The objective of this study is to examine the demand size for air transport in Turkey and show its implications for air transport planning. 2. BACKGROUND It has been seen throughout the results of the previous research in the iterature that one of the most important issue to develop a predictive model is to choose the right combination of the variables which represent the determining factors involved in the model. These variables are categorized by two subgroups (Carson et al. 2010): 1. Geo-economics Factors: which consist of geographical characteristics, economical activities, social factor etc. 2. Service Related Factors: which a re related to airline dependent factors. The other prominent aspect of model generation is the level of forecast which can be classified by two groups as well; 1. Microscopic Model: Airport specific or city pair specific data is involved such that it refers the total number of incoming and outgoing passengers per particular airport or per city pair. 2. Macroscopic Model: Region or country specific data is involved such that it refers to aggregated number of passengers in a region or country regardless of origin or destination city. Aggregate Individual Market (AIM) forecast outperforms the aggregate approach since the forecasting power gained by exploiting heterogeneous information across markets dominates the forecasting power lost due to estimation of many coefficients (Carson et al. 2010). Local area information appears to be more relevant in determining local Oamp;D travel than of national information such as gross domestic product (Bhadra 2003). ————————————————- 3. OVERVIEW OF THE determ? nants for air passenger demand ? n turkey Turkey is spread over a wide geographical area and road ways are not adequately constructed for all direction. Hence, air transportation is supposed to have more shares out of total statistics in domestic transportation covering all possible city pairs. While the gap between relative prices is being shortened, more and more people find it affordable to fly. This study is aiming to find out the determining factors which are concerned to turn potential demand into air travel passengers. The proposed model is not only to explain actual traffic results but also to estimate potential traffic between cross cities which are not connected directly or to evaluate off-line cities to build new airport. Population, gross domestic product per capita and employment rate are considered as the leading macroeconomic dynamics behind air travel demand as depicted in the Table 1. Average fare has a stimulating effect on airline demand as Brons et al. 2002) pointed out that ticket price is an elastic driver for airline demand generation. You read "Airline Demand Forecast" in category "Papers" There are also specific indicators for a particular city pair traffic representing interactivity between the concerning cities such as distance and number of migrants from each other. The number of bus registered in a city is indicating the volume of bus transportation which is considered to be negatively related with air travel demand. Since number of carriers as a degree of competition contributes to market expansion, it is also embedded in the model expecting a positive relation with air travel demand. Table 1 Commonality in Types of Variables Variable’s Name| Percentage of Occurrence*| GDP| 50. 0 %| GDP per Capita| 35. 7 %| Unemployment Rate| 14. 3 %| Fuel Price| 7. 1 %| Number of Employees| 7. 1 %| Population| 42. 8 %| Average Fare| 57. 1 %| CPI| 14. 3 %| Trade per Capita| 14. 3 %| Exchange Rate| 14. 3 %| Service Frequency| 28. 6 %| Distance| 42. 8 %| Expenditures| 7. 1 %| * The percentages are calculated out of a sample of 14 different relevant articles. Most of the itineraries between city pairs are not directly connected that means air passengers travel with connecting flights via one or more transfer points. If there is no direct service the dummy variable transit gets 1 and 0 otherwise. Naturally, passengers would not prefer to fly with connecting flights so it is anticipated to be negatively affecting air travel demand. 4. ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATION data, Methodology and results Data availability is main issue when data coverage is decided. Experimental model is based on the data of the two years 2008 and 2009 since all explanatory variables are available within the specified period. There are 40 on-line destinations in domestic network in Turkey. This number of destinations can theoretically generate 1560 different origin and destinations (Oamp;D’s) on which direct or connecting flights are possible. However experimental sample does not cover data for all possible on-line Oamp;D’s because some city pairs which are at close distance are not meaningful to fly with connecting flights or the concerning flights are not connected each other. There are 231 city pairs which are served with direct flights, whereas the remaining city pairs are found to be flown by connecting flights via an appropriate domestic hub. Under the assumption of approximately the same number of Oamp;D’s for each year, data size will be duplicated for the two year’s period. Airport statistics for all scheduled carriers are used in the experimental model as a source of the dependent variable. Transfer traffic is removed from the statistics for each city pair, since the proposed model is to estimate pure Oamp;D passenger by using data specific to the corresponding city pairs. Average prices for each city pair are estimated by using airlines’ web site. Road distance between the cities is taken from the web site of the General Directorate Highways of Turkey. Population of the cities, GDP per capita of the cities, the number of migrants between the cities, the number of bus registered in the city’s account and labour rate of the cities are obtained from the Bureau of Statistics in Turkey. Weighted average of the corresponding city’s population is used, while GDP per capita and the labour rate are being converted to Oamp;D level. A variety of different models exist for passenger volume estimation. Since no single model guarantees accuracy, airlines in fact compare forecasts from several different models. Within this set of forecasting methods, the most demand models used are of the simple gravity type formulation. (S. C. Wirasinghe et al. 1998). The gravity model for the estimation of domestic passenger volume between city-pairs is examined in this study. By excluding unavailable service-related or market specific input variables, and using cross-sectional calibration data, the model is particularly applicable to city-pairs where no air service exists, historical data is unavailable, or factors describing the current service level of air transportation are not available. Average price for city-pairs with no air service is estimated by fall back mechanism that it uses the average price which is normalized by distance of the cities having similar market structure. All other explanatory variables are not service related factors and available for the city-pairs with no air service. The gravity model takes the form: D=?. AaBbCc†¦ This model assumes that the marginal effects of each variable on demand are not constant but depend on both the value of the variable and the values of all other variables in the demand function (Aderamo 2010). In other words, the explanatory variables affect demand in multiplicative manner. Partial derivation of any independent variable proves aforementioned relationship. However, this model can be made suitable for multiple regressions by applying logarithmic transformation. Logarithmic form of the gravity model takes the form: LogD=? 0 + ? 1LogA + ? 2LogB + ? 3LogC +†¦ where ? 0=Log? It is obvious that interdependency is resolved in this form so that multiple regression model can be applied. The proposed multiple regression model is generated by using SAS Jmp 9 tool. Table 2 shows the matrix of correlation between the independent variables. The results show that some of the variables are interrelated. For example, Log_Migrant has a correlation coefficient of 0. 8661 and 0. 8150 with Log_Pop* and Log_Bus* respectively. Where both Log_Migrant* and Log_Pop* are calculated by taking the product of population of origin and destination cities. However, omitting any of these two variables would substantially reduce the model fit. As the goal is to obtain a reliable estimation of the passenger volume, all interrelated variables were included (Grosche et al. 007). Furthermore, it has been said that if the sole purpose of regression analysis is prediction or forecasting, then multicollinearity is not a serious problem because the higher R2, the better prediction(R. C. Geary, 1963). In order to verify stepwise regression fit of the model, stepwise process by backward direction and minimum AICc selection is used. When all independent variables as depicted in Table 2 are entered, the smallest AICc value 2665. 913 is found. Adjusted R2 as shown in the Table 3 is 0. 823991 which is fairly good. In the Table 4, adjusted R2’s are compared including the relevant articles in the reference list. This comparison table shows that the studied model efficiency is relatively successful. As shown in the table 5, the F test also shows that the regression is significant since F statistic of 497. 2411 is obviously higher than the critical value of 2. 32 at 0. 01 level of significance. In the table 6, parameter estimates are depicted. As seen in the table, all independent variables are significant at 0. 01 level of two tail significance considering their t-statistics. Since the coefficients of the regression model represent elasticities of the corresponding variables, how change of any variable affects demand estimation can be determined. The price elasticity of passenger demand is approximately -1. 1 which implies that airline passenger demand in Turkey is elastic. This finding is compliant with the fact that after low cost carriers entered into the market by lowering ticket prices, market size has been tramendously enlarged. Domestic passenger traffic grows higher than the decreasing rate of ticket price. Both GDP per capita and ticket price seem to have elastic impact on passenger demand estimation. Air transportation and bus transportation seem to be competing each other because of their negative relation. When air service is provided by connecting flight which means transit traffic, air transport demand is decreasing. This result is not surprising because people do prefer to fly directly. Another result is that the number of airlines participating in each Oamp;D market tends to have a positive impact on the number of passengers traveled between Oamp;D pairs, perhaps representing the ffects of choice more than anything else. Lastly, distance and the number of migrants are found positively related with air transport demand as expected. Table 4 Model Efficiency Benchmark| Research Name| Level of Forecast| Author| Year| Independent Variables| Observation| Adjusted R Square| Demand For Air Transport In Nigeria| Aggregate| Adekunle J. Aderamo| 2010| Index of AgricultureIndex of Electrici tyGDP| 23| 0. 923| Air Travel Domestic Demand Model in Bangladesh| Aggregate| Md. Jobair Bin Alam Dewan Masud KArim| 1998| PopulationGDPDistance| 31| 0. 8| An Econometric Analysis of Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia| Aggregate| Seraj Y. Abed Abdullah O. Ba-FailSajjad M. Jasimuddin| 2001| PopulationTotal Expenditures| 25| 0. 959| Regression Model for Passenger Demand: A case study of Cairo Airport| Aggregate| Dr. Khaled A. Abbas| 2003| Population GDPForeign Tourist| 88| 0. 82| Demand for Airravel In USA| Oamp;D| Dipasis Bhadra| 2003| Density, Interaction, Distance, Marketshare, Fare| 2424| 0. 57| An Aggregate Demand Model in Hub-and-Spoke| Aggregate| Wenbin WeiMark Hansen| 2006| Frequency, Number of Spokes, Fare, Distance, Capacity, Traffic Type| 897| 0. 92| Gravity Model for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation| City-pairs| Tobias GroscheFranz RothlaufArmin Heinzl| 2007| DistancePopulationCatchment Area| 956| 0. 761| The number of migrants indicates the relationship between city-pai rs hence it positively affects on point to point air traffic demand. When distance is greater, air transport demand increases due to the fact that people get higher utility comparing to the alternative modes of transportation. In the figure 1, model fit of the experimental data is shown in scatter diagram. There are total 955 observations within experimental data. A test data is obtained from 2010 actual results which consists of 562 observations. The model predicts 2010 figures with a Mape (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value 14. 1 %. Actual data of 2010 is refined by excluding the Oamp;D’s having less than 104 yearly passengers flow and detour factors smaller than 3. Logic of this filtering is to choose meaningful connections out of the all itineraries. Although the model is performing significantly well with a relatively high Rsquare value, small discrepancy in prediction value may result in larger inaccuracy in passenger demand estimate because of logarithmic aspect of the regression. . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the proposed econometric estimation and using micro data based on local area information can result in substantial insights to Oamp;D travel. The demand model reveals all the quantitative relationships among the used variables, which is helpful for airlines to understand the consequence of change of their dec ision variables or adjustment of their routing structures, and also useful for the related authority to quantify the benefits of airport capacity expansion and to take into account while airport building plan is being evaluated. It would be advantageous to extend the time period covered by the analysis. This would enable to examine possible differences in elasticity amongst city-pairs. Extending the data back in time would also provide observations of airfares progress. The model efficiency may be improved for even more reliable estimation, if more independent variables indicating bilateral relations between city-pairs are embedded in the model such as the number of call between city-pairs or credit card statistics of domestic visitors. References S. C. Wirasinghe and A. S. Kumarage, An Aggregate Demand Model for Intercity Passenger Travel in Sri Lanka. Transportation 25: 77-98, 1998. R. C. Geary, Some Results about Relations between Stochastic Variables: A Discussion Document, Review of International Statistical Institute, Vol. 31, pp. 163-181, 1963. Richard T. Carson, Tolga Cenesizoglu and Roger Parker. Aggregate Demand for USA Commercial Air Travel. Department of Economics, University of California. 2010. Elton Fernandes and Ricardo Rodrigues Pacheco. Air Transportation Analysis: Passenger Demand in Brazil. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 33. Adakunle J. Aderamo. Demand for Air Transport in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, 1 (1): 23-31 (2010). Md. Jobair Bin Alem and Dewan Masud Karim. Air Travel Demand Model For Domestic Air Transportation in Bangladesh. Journal of Civil Engineering The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh Vol. CE 26, No. 1, 1998. Seraj Y. Abed, Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Sajjad M. Jasimuddin. An Econometric Analysis of International Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transport Management 7 (2001) 143-148. Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Seraj Y. Abed. The Determinants of Domestic Air Travel Demand in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transportation World Wide Vol. 5, No. 2 – 2000. Abdullah Omer Ba-Fail. Applying Data Mining Techniques To Forecast Number of Airline Passengers In Saudi Arabia (Domestic and International Travels). Aviation Institute, University of Nabraska at Omaha, 2004. Senanu Ashiabor, Hojong Baik and Antonio Trani. Logit Models For Forecasting Nationwide Intercity Travel Demand in the USA. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2007, Washington, D. C. , pp. 1-12 2007. J. Scott Armstrong and Michael C. Grohman. A Comparative Study of Methods for Long-Range Market Forecasting. Management Science, 19 (2), pp. 211-221 1972. Khaled A. Abbas. Conceptual and Regression Models for Passenger Demand Prediction. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 26 2003. Dipasis Bhadra. Demand for Air Travel in the United States: Bottom-up Econometric Estimation and Implications for Forecasts by Origin and Destination Pairs. Journal of Air Transportation Vol. 8, No. 2 – 2003. Radosav B. Jovanovic. Generalised Intrinsic Characteristics as a Forecasting Tool: A dynamic perpective. Second International Conference on Research in Air Transportation – Belgrade, June 24–28 2006. Martijn Brons, Eric Pels, Peter Nijkamp and Piet Rietveld. Price Elasticities of Demand for Passenger Air Travel. Journal of Air Transport Management 8 pp. 65-175 2002. Dail Umamil Asri and Yoriyasu Sugie. Simultaneous Demand Model for Passenger Travel. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 4, October, 2003. Joyce Dargay and Mark Hanly. The Determinants of the Demand for International Air Travel to and from UK. ESRC Transport Studies Unit, Centre for Transport Studies, University College London, November 2001. Catherine Zhukovskaya. Use of the Generalized Linear Model in Forecasting the Air Passengers’ Conveyances from EU Countries. Computer Modelling and Technologies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 62–72, 2007. Wenbin Wei and Mark Hansen. An Aggregate Demand Model for Air Passenger Traffic in the Hub and Spoke Network. Transportation Research Part A 40 pp. 841–851, 2006. Matthew G. Karlaftis. Demand Forecasting in Regional Airports. Straer 7 pp. 100-111, Tr. 312, 2008. Tobias Grosche, Franz Rothlauf and Armin Heinzl. Gravity Models for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation. Journal of Air Transport Management 13 pp. 175-183, 2007. Chaug-Ing Hsu and Su-Miao Liu. Predicting City-Pair Air Passenger Traffic Using Grey Topological Forecasting Model. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, October, 2003. How to cite Airline Demand Forecast, Papers

Social Policy Jackson vs.Timberlake

Question Discuss about thrSocial Policyfor Jackson vs. Timberlake. Answer: Introduction This paper discusses a thorough examination of the article by Holland (2009), which presents arguments for the controversial case of Justin Timberlake and Janet Jackson. Justin Randall Timberlake is an American actor, singer, songwriter and a record producer at the States. Timberlake is one of the most popular stars in America and has won numerous awards for his work. Janet Jackson is an American songwriter, singer, actress and a dancer. The Super Bowl is the highest level of professional American football that is held annually. The event is huge and there are over 110 million viewers watching the event (Cogan 2014). The event organizes halftime ceremonies in which the celebrities perform for entertainment. Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake have performed in Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 (Adams 2016). There was an incident in which a piece of Jacksons top was removed by Timberlake exposing her right breast nipple. The main essence of this essay revolves around Janet as a Jezebel, who is an immoral woman to seduce Timberlake for economic gain (Holland 2009). This essay describes the history or details of the event. Further, the arguments and opinions of various people regarding the wardrobe malfunction are discussed. The essay expresses the manner in which the media presented the issue. The different attitude of the people that was formed due to this incident is also determined. On February 1, 2004, the incident when Janet Jackson was performing on stage in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII, the co-star Justin Timberlake accidentally exposed a part of Jacksons right breast (Holland 2009). The incident is also known as Nipplegate. As the incident was accidental, it was also called a wardrobe malfunction. While Justin was performing on the song Rock Your Body, he reached to the end of the song which had its lyrics as "I'm gonna have you naked by the end of this song" (Holland 2009). He pulled a part of Jacksons leather costume which revealed her right breast. Her nipple was found covered with a piece of jewellery for even less than one second. The CBS, television broadcasting company cut the Reliant Stadium, venue for the event to an aerial view. However, before that could happen, the picture was already sent to the television which had approximately 143 million viewers (Holland 2009). The incident led to several controversies about it being a publicity stunt. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) levied a penalty of US$ 550,000 against the CBS (Holland 2009). It was reported that approximately 200,000 viewers complained and 540,000 people filed complaints with the FCC (Holland 2009). The Chairman of FCC, Michael Powell called the nip slip as a crass and classless stunt promising to take action (Hutchinson 2016). According to Holland (2009), the mythology of Jezebel is discussed regarding black female sexuality. The author discusses about Jezebel as a site of otherness in which the black women in America do not experience ethnic or gender identities. Jezebel is used to symbolize a woman who is evil, shrewd, seductive and scheming. The article argues about the Jezebel image giving meaning to white male privilege. The author goes back in time and discusses the origin and mythology of Jezebel who were identified as African women that are exotic and sexually insatiable breeders (Holland 2009). It is argued that the Jezebel image justifies white men exploiting the African women sexually and also the ones who use their sexuality who tempt or seduce white men. Historically, the African women were stripped naked in public forums and were made to parade nude in public during slave auctions. It is further argued that due to the construct of race and gender, Jezebels cannot be raped. It is evaluated tha t the Jezebel image reproduces and mirrors the dominant power structures by categorizing the sexuality of African-American women as animalistic and dangerous (Kreps 2014). Further, the author argues Jezebel as a contemporary icon. The Jezebel image can be restructured as a symbol of empowerment. The author argues that the updated popular culture of the Jezebel image in the contemporary times is presented as an illusion of the women being slightly overweight with excessive makeup, wearing dark lipstick and being slightly overweight (Holland 2009). They are also symbolized as the women with heightened sexual desire, deviant sexuality and availability. The representations of the back women in hip-hop were deteriorating as they were objectified as sexual objects. It is argued that the African-American women entertainers attempted to openly resist or refuse the objectification of the bodies as a site of empowerment. The author states that some women such as Lil Kim experienced success in subverting the Jezebel image (Mail Online 2016). The above conceptions and theories are implied by the author in the case of Jackson vs. Timberlake. The scandal rose to various controversies among the legal advocates, television producers, policymakers, and other regulatory bodies who publicly televised the representations of sexuality as well as nudity (Holland 2009). Jackson, who was clothed in a provocative leather costume performed on Rhythm Nation. This song was followed by Timberlakes performance with the new hit Rock Your Body (Murphy 2016). In the beginning of the performance the stage was surrounded by female dancers. The performers, Jackson and Timberlake danced seductively as Timberlake was singing. The two of them played an exotic game where cat chases mouse on stage (where Timberlake followed Jackson). Reaching to the end, Timberlake reached across Jacksons body ripping her leather which exposed her right breast (Holland 2009). The event was identified as an unfortunate wardrobe malfunction. However, the audience argue d of the act being planned. There were numerous public discussions at both national and international levels (Reid 2016). The media referred to the incident as the boob seen round the world and Nipplegate. Several newspapers interpreted Jacksons highly sexualized persona as a sign of her innate deviance, thereby absolving Timberlake from his responsibility and protecting his white maleness (Holland 2009). Many media channels constructed the news in favour of Timberlake and that this act was a scheme used by Jackson for boosting her own career by seducing Timberlake. The writers for The Seattle Times and The Houston Chronicle wrote about the incident as a condemnation of Jacksons exposed breast (Holland 2009). Moreover, a writer for The Washington Post stated that after Janet Jacksons breast exposure on Super Bowls halftime show shall have no musical concert in the opening game for the year 2005 (Holland 2009). The media defenders of Jackson described the act as a sexual violence. Roxane Roberts, one of the writers at The Washington Post depicted the incident and shifted the blame to Jacksons body as a s pontaneous exposure (Holland 2009). One of the reporters stated that Jackson flashed one of her breasts for the audience watching her on television while performing at the Super Bowl halftime show (Holland 2009). The other reporters for Columbus Dispatch, The New York Times and Daily News reported the incident as Janet Jacksons breast-baring fiasco (Holland 2009). Additionally, Tony Kornheiser, the sports writer at The Washington Post commented at the incident as the act by Janet Jackson being bizarre. Pittsburgh- Post Gazette narrated the incident as the offending breast (Holland 2009). At The Boston Globe, Bob Ryan reported the incident as Timberlake reaching over the infamous breast. He further stated that the infamous right breast may have committed the offense. Clearly, all the remarks made by the media channels and their reporters were represented as the uncontrollable Black female body. It is interpreted that these depictions of Jackson who is not able to control her body, white men must surely take control of it. Moreover, James Lileks in The Star Tribune commented that the dress worn by Jackson is a formal wear for zombie morticians. He referred to Janet as SM chic who came to expect from the male artist Justin Timberlake, who was dressed as a sort of modern male (Holland 2009). It was observed that not many articles or news reporters commented on Timberlakes costume but Janets costume was referred as leather bustier. Therefore, Janets costume was represented as a symbol of uncontrollability and sexual aggressiveness, which is the same as predictable behaviour of a Jezebel (Holland 2009). Another theme is related to the publicity stunt of breast-baring. The media reported that it was a promotional strategy for Jackson for Timberlake to rip off her leather covering as a strategy to boost her upcoming and future album sales. The media also called the stunt as excessively public display for her new album Damita Jo (Holland 2009). The writer of Pittsburgh-Post Gazette reported that Jackson manipulated the halftime occasion for knowing sex, own enrichment and selling controversy that would help her make millions. Another journalist Kevin Cowherd stated that all the fans of Jackson expect salacious behaviour from Janet such as pelvic grinding, cleavage display and outfits from SM catalogue. Jim Farber said that this student would elevate her music career. Another remark was made by Sharon Fink of St. Petersburg Times that Janet was smiling by hiding her head facing the camera (Holland 2009). The comments marked by the media are significant for multiple reasons. The attention that has been generated by Janet Jackson can be termed manipulative. The media stated that the incident was not a simple wardrobe malfunction, but a means to elevate Jacksons own career. It is argued that he media fails to discuss Justins potential motives for the participation in the sexual act as he was a part of the event. The media channels detracted attention from Timberlakes behaviour and performance of hypersexual white masculinity. It is argued that African- American womens lasciviousness is used as an excuse to justify the white mens violence and authority (Holland 2009). It was reported that both Jackson and Timberlake apologized for allowing their dance performance or routine to go too far. Jackson stated that Timberlake and she had choreographed the song together (Strecke 2015). However, one-third of the newspaper articles stated that Timberlake denied his involvement in the orchestration of the song. The writers for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution and The Boston Globe stated that Timberlake apologized for the incident and further said it as totally regrettable and unintentional (Holland 2009). However, other articles in Daily News and Columbus Dispatch stated that Timberlake was not totally innocent and Janet was ready with her lacy red garment under her outfit. It is interpreted that Timberlakes involvement in the case was at minimal and it was only Jackson who used Justin as a pawn to make her career. Timberlake claimed that Janet blind-sided him with her breast-baring incident (Holland 2009). Due to the controversies and media reports, the people would straight away blame Janet for using her sexuality for economic gain. Justin Timberlake fan following supported him while he claimed that he had nothing to do with the incident as it was totally unintentional. He also regretted it. As Janet was portrayed as the bad one in the case, she was uninvited by CBS at Grammys. However, Justin was not just invited but he also performed on the show as the incident did not appear to be sticking to him. When Janets eighth album, Damita Jo was released, the first-week copies were sold enough. However, the singles received minimum airplay. It is interpreted that the incident had a negative effect on the audience due to which her work was blacklisted. After the Super Bowl performance, she was blacklisted and her music was kept off VH1, MTV and other radio stations under Viacom. The album was her lowest selling. Soon, she disappeared from the pop music scene for seven years (Holland 2009). The incident also led to outrage among parents as they thought it must not have happened. Their children were watching the show and they would be scarred by seeing her exposed breast. Timberlake was still presenting the revisionist history of the event to ESPN Magazine. Jackson had to bear the brunt of the accusation and according to the audience; she would not have been fit for the event. Timberlake apologized at the Grammys but the audience laughed on his ridiculous apology. Some people also called it Americas unfair treatment of treating a black woman and giving power to white males (Holland 2009). Precisely, Timberlake was posing as a victim in the scenario and Janet was deemed to be the culprit. The public reprimanded Janet for exposing her body and excusing Justins role in the event. The news media also justified Timberlakes behaviour by stating that Janet must have asked for it. All the arguments created a Jezebel paradox regarding the agency and subjectivity of African-American women. Janet being represented as a sexual opportunist and not a victim of aggression clearly indicates that Jacksons image was ruined in front of the audience. Her fan following also turned against her because of the incident. Her agency and subjectivity was reduced to a sexualized bodily container (Caudill and Mixon 2013). Therefore, through this essay it is interpreted that the ability of an African- American woman to subvert patriarchal image depends upon their ability to control situations. It is complicated to control the Jezebel image as it is associated with image subversion. The media coverage in the newspapers and television reflect the contemporary appropriation of the Jezebel. The Super Bowl is the highest level of professional American football that is held annually. There was an incident in which a piece of Jacksons top was removed by Timberlake exposing her right breast nipple in Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004. While Justin was performing on the song Rock Your Body, he reached to the end of the song which had its lyrics as "I'm gonna have you naked by the end of this song". The article argues about the Jezebel image giving meaning to white male privilege. The author goes back in time and discusses the origin and mythology of Jezebel who were identified as African women that are exotic and sexu ally insatiable breeders. The representations of the back women in hip-hop were deteriorating as they were objectified as sexual objects. They played an erotic game of cat and mouse on stage where Timberlake followed Jackson. Reaching to the end, Timberlake reached across Jacksons body ripping her leather which exposed her right breast. The media defenders of Jackson described the act as a sexual violence. Roxane Roberts, one of the writers at The Washington Post depicted the incident and shifted the blame to Jacksons body as a spontaneous exposure. It is interpreted that these depictions of Jackson who is not able to control her body, white men must surely take control of it. Therefore, Janets costume was represented as a symbol of uncontrollability and sexual aggressiveness, which is the same as predictable behaviour of a Jezebel. Timberlake apologized at the Grammys but the audience laughed on his ridiculous apology. Some people also called it Americas unfair treatment of treating a black woman and giving power to white males. The media channels detracted attention from Timberlakes behaviour and performance of hypersexual white masculinity. References Adams, C., 2016.Justin Timberlake sorry for tweet about Jesse Williams' BET Awards speech. [online] Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Available at: https://www.ew.com/article/2016/06/27/justin-timberlake-jesse-williams-tweet [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Caudill, S.B. and Mixon Jr, F.G., 2013. Celebrity Wardrobe Malfunctions: Economic Efficiency, Property Rights Assignment, and Liability in Popular Culture.Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research,14(2), p.37. Cogan, M., 2014.In the Beginning, There Was a Nipple. [online] ESPN.com. Available at: https://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/10333439/wardrobe-malfunction-beginning-there-was-nipple [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Hapsis, E., 2016.Nipplegate Revisited: Why America Owes Janet Jackson a Huge Apology. [online] KQED Pop. Available at: https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/2016/02/04/nipplegate-revisited-why-america-owes-janet-jackson-a-huge-apology/ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Holland, S., 2009. The Offending Breast of Janet Jackson: Public Discourse Surrounding the Jackson/Timberlake Performance at Super Bowl XXXVIII.Women's Studies in Communication, 32(2), pp.129-150. Hutchinson, B., 2016.Nipplegate: Janet Jackson's breast exposed in halftime show. [online] NY Daily News. Available at: https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/janet-pop-shocker-millions-view-peep-show-article-1.631297 [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Kreps, D., 2014.Nipple Ripples: Revisiting Janet Jackson's Wardrobe Malfunction. [online] Rolling Stone. Available at: https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/nipple-ripples-10-years-of-fallout-from-janet-jacksons-halftime-show-20140130 [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Mail Online, 2016.Janet admits planning boob. [online] Mail Online. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-207344/Janet-admits-planning-boob.html [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Murphy, A., 2016.How Janet Jackson overshadowed classic Super Bowl. [online] SI.com. Available at: https://www.si.com/nfl/2016/01/06/janet-jackson-super-bowl-halftime-show [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Reid, S., 2016.Janet, Justin, MTV Apologize For Super Bowl Flash. [online] MTV News. Available at: https://www.mtv.com/news/1484738/janet-justin-mtv-apologize-for-super-bowl-flash/ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Strecke, E., 2015.Throwback: Justin Timberlake's Laughable Apology for Super Bowl Wardrobe Malfunction. [online] Billboard. Available at: https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/super-bowl-2015/6451182/justin-timberlake-super-bowl-apology-grammys-wardrobe-malfunction [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Wenner, L., 2004. Recovering (From) Janet Jacksons Breast: Ethics and the Nexus of Media, Sports, and Management.Journal of Sport Management, 18(4), pp.315-334.

The Role Of A Government Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Role Of A Government Argumentative Essay Sue Ellen WebbMrs. CaudillEnglish III Honors-520 January 2000The Role of a GovernmentHenry David Thoreau often took extreme positions on the issue of government and its role in society. To this somewhat rebellious transcendentalist, government should not govern people at all and law was often meant to be broken. Thoreaus belief in individualism was so strong in fact that it seems he often took sides on an in issue simply to be in favor of the minority, whether the majority was right or wrong. Certainly, it is important for one to be himself and stand up for what he believes in. However, to Thoreaus statement that that government is best which governs not at all is a bit extreme. We will write a custom essay on The Role Of A Government Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some form of government is necessary first and foremost to prevent chaos and widespread disorder. Without laws and consequences for breaking those laws, people will do exactly what pleases them without regard to how it affects others. Theft and murder will become everyday occurrences because men without ethics will see no reason not to commit these crimes. In fact, the entire population may ending killing themselves off. In addition to an increase of crime, a significant increase in poverty is likely to occur without government leadership. Without government funding, public schools, hospitals, and transportation would be nonexistent. This in conjunction with the lack of welfare funds would obviously lead to a society of poor, uneducated,Webb 2 and sickly people. Without a doubt, a society must be under the rule of a strong government power in order to function properly. Thoreaus statement is also too harsh because it has no regard for the fact that in a democratic society, the people essentially are the government. The whole purpose of a democracy is to ensure that the people govern themselves. Rather than being ruled by a dictator or monarch, members of a democratic society are able to have an input on how the government runs. Ideally, any law that is formed in this country is formed because the majority of the population want it to be formed. Rather than complaining about the existence of a government, Thoreau should have rejoiced at having the rights people in America have. It is doubtful that the laws of any other country would have allowed Thoreau more freedom or independence than the laws of the United States. If he felt otherwise or disagreed with the majority of the population, he should not have chosen to live in the United States. Certainly, one can see that Thoreaus complaints about the censorship placed upon individuals by the government were unjustified. Obviously, Thoreau went too far in stating that the government should not govern at all. Without a government that does its job in governing the people, disaster will occur. While it is not the governments place to suppress the ideas or expressions of its people, it is vital to maintaining organization. As a society, people should strive to find a medium between total lack of government and total control by the government. Bibliographynone

Free Essays on Miracles

‘Miracles’ The term miracle is used in many different terms in this day and age, in an average dictionary, the term is described as, â€Å"something that cannot be explained, by natural circumstances, a supernatural occurrence.† Christian and maybe other religious groups believe that a miracle is an occurrence/s taking place through the gracious power of God! I think its something that man/woman cannot explain, it’s a gift from God. A miracle can take place at any point, and any time. It could also be unexpected, God is not predictable. I also think that we place miracles in the category of things that are humanly impossible to accomplish. Is the term used correctly I think the word miracle should be used to describe something of a powerful nature, for example, â€Å"It was a miracle that Jesus healed Aaron to recover from his coma.† I think that is the best way to use the term, although in today’s world it can be used in a simple sentence formation. For example, â€Å"it’s a miracle, I won the lottery!† Many people use the word as if it’s nothing of any importance. I have a strong belief that a miracle ment more to the people of the New testament times, than in today’s world. Miracles were believed to be a supernatural act of God. I think they still are but the notion is not very strong today. The theories that â€Å"God does not exist† aids in the miss use of the term today and also adds to the mockery. What people thought back then In the times of Jesus, there was no science to prove things, there was no scientific explanation for supernatural things that took place, they just had their own theories. And I think they were more disillusioned to the actual fact of what had taken place. Although I think many believed that miracles were a known fact and that God had given his son, Jesus Christ the ability to perform them. When demons were driven out of people and bad spirits, people assumed it was purely ex... Free Essays on Miracles Free Essays on Miracles ‘Miracles’ The term miracle is used in many different terms in this day and age, in an average dictionary, the term is described as, â€Å"something that cannot be explained, by natural circumstances, a supernatural occurrence.† Christian and maybe other religious groups believe that a miracle is an occurrence/s taking place through the gracious power of God! I think its something that man/woman cannot explain, it’s a gift from God. A miracle can take place at any point, and any time. It could also be unexpected, God is not predictable. I also think that we place miracles in the category of things that are humanly impossible to accomplish. Is the term used correctly I think the word miracle should be used to describe something of a powerful nature, for example, â€Å"It was a miracle that Jesus healed Aaron to recover from his coma.† I think that is the best way to use the term, although in today’s world it can be used in a simple sentence formation. For example, â€Å"it’s a miracle, I won the lottery!† Many people use the word as if it’s nothing of any importance. I have a strong belief that a miracle ment more to the people of the New testament times, than in today’s world. Miracles were believed to be a supernatural act of God. I think they still are but the notion is not very strong today. The theories that â€Å"God does not exist† aids in the miss use of the term today and also adds to the mockery. What people thought back then In the times of Jesus, there was no science to prove things, there was no scientific explanation for supernatural things that took place, they just had their own theories. And I think they were more disillusioned to the actual fact of what had taken place. Although I think many believed that miracles were a known fact and that God had given his son, Jesus Christ the ability to perform them. When demons were driven out of people and bad spirits, people assumed it was purely ex...

The use of emotions during communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The use of emotions during communication - Essay Example Moving on, it is important to comprehend here that emotion-usage is increasing with the interaction amongst people who hail from different cultural backgrounds and settings. This adds to the value of communication methodologies that are adopted amongst the individuals. Hence the need to have a proper mechanism of communication in place is apparent with the changing times because people feel the need to converse with each other and therefore make their point clear in a very lucid way. People use emotions in order to get their point across to a larger set of audience. This is because they feel that by using emotions, they would be able to make their voice apparent and hence their message would be taken more seriously. The element of genuineness and authenticity seems to be the main premise behind displaying emotions in any communication medium. What is even more important is the fact that communication becomes very complete and comprehensive when emotions are embedded in them. Furthermore, there is a need to decipher the exact role of emotions being at the helm of understanding the communication mechanisms within any interactive exercise. This suggests that those people who lack the proper usage of emotions within their peculiar styles of communicating with a large crowd are usually the ones who are taken in a non-serious way. Their genuineness seems to take a big blow just because they are unable to make use of their body language, their nonverbal cues, their usage of hands, body parts and so on (Lapin 2004). When people use emotions to make their point clear, the audience that is listening to them understands the need for the emotional usage which is indeed further boosting the spoken word within a speech. This speech is indeed important for communicating the message from the sender down to the receiver’s end. The use of emotions within any communication mechanism would indeed bring in the much needed sanity that one is looking for. If the speakers

Perfect Competition and Long-run Equilibrium Term Paper

Perfect Competition and Long-run Equilibrium - Term Paper Example Basically, in a market of perfect competition does not give monopoly to a single company. A single firm or company does not rule over the whole market as many firms are producing the same products. Thus one single firm is not able to determine the prices of products. A market with perfect competition would have many suppliers, producers and consumers because of the different firms involved in such a market. The perfect competition involves many sellers or firms and thus it cannot be found to be very common in this world. In perfect competition it is not difficult for the new firms to enter, thus it is seen that many sellers are involved in this type of competition. The reason for this is that the firms do not have to have a huge capital to enter this competition and they can seek help from many individuals when entering in this sector. Moreover not only is it easy to enter the perfectly competitive market but also it is easy to exit such a market. The transactions which are made in t his type of competition do not cost anything to the buyers or sellers. In such a type of competition, it is aimed that the firms maximize their profits by selling their products where the marginal costs and marginal revenue are in equilibrium. The most important characteristic of such a competition is that the products which are being sold are usually manufactured by many companies thus strong competition is felt in this type of competition. An example of perfect competition is a group of fruit vendors who are selling the same fruits.

Do You Know What It Means to Lose New Orleans by Anne Rice Essay

Do You Know What It Means to Lose New Orleans by Anne Rice - Essay Example Her thesis was also based on the irritating utterances made by some eminent people and journalists concerning the flood crises in the area. Rice has relied on her thesis in writing the whole essay. The entire essay revolves around the author main thesis. The thesis is very relevant and acceptable to the situation which occurred in the New Orleans during the flood crises. To start with, the city is very important to its residents and the entire United States of America economy. It accommodates a very unique subculture in America known as Africa-America. On the other hand, the city has its own history ranging from as early as in 1800s and United States of America history is not complete without the inclusion of New Orleans city. Additionally, the city offers employment and accommodations for thousands of people who reside in the area. There are also very many churches, universities and other infrastructures which are extremely imperative for the development of America and the entire wo rld. Compared to other states in United States of America, New Orleans is extremely peaceful and accommodates a substantial number of black Americas. The city is also very beneficial to United States of America economy as its unique music and essays attract both local and foreign tourists in the country. It is also only in New Orleans where there exist peaceful societies where people maintain their family institutions, love each other as well as caring for other people welfare. Therefore, according to Rice, New Orleans ought to be given appropriate attention in the times of crises just like any other state in America (Anne 1). Does the other have good support for her thesis? Rice has adequate and concrete support for her thesis. In the initial stage of explaining her thesis, Rice provides a history of New Orleans city and its important to America. He quoted others writers who had come together to writes essays on the important of New Orleans to American in early 1840s. According to Rice, many people who reside in the states declines to go to other states because of the favorable condition in the state. Rice also explains the important of the city to the United States of America as a country. He quotes some of the most crucial structures which exist in the city and their relevant to America and the world at large. According to her observations, universities such as Xavier and Dillard University are very crucial to black America. On the other hand, in her essay, Rice talks about the state harmony and attractive music which is exceptionally appropriate in attracting local and international tourist thus leading to economic development in the country. Does the author have strong argument or weakness? What makes it strong or weak? Rice has a very strong argument in her essay. To justify her argument, the authors has started by analyzing the history of New Orleans in explaining the important of the city to its residents and to the entire Americans. She refers to old days writers who have written about the important of the city to America. On the other hand, the author talks about the reality in New Orleans. The city is occupied by both whites and blacks in America. The harmony of the country is brought about by the caring status of the city’s residents. She provided an example in which residence of New Orleans offered adequate assistance to flood victims. As a matter of fact, the area is occupied by middle class and